FAYA DISTRIBUTION IN - PDF document

1 F'IRETREE (MYRICA FAYA) DISTRIBUTION I
F'IRETREE (MYRICA FAYA) DISTRIBUTION IN HAWAICI Whiteaker and Donald distribution and firetree (Mynca Lha'i, elevation from 1,400 ft (425 m) on Liina'i to as high as 6,400 ft (1,940 m) on - potential distribution firetree made at intervals from March through March were taken at three and were data from nearby weather on flowering, main stem (Smathers and Gardner 1979), Whiteaker and Gardner \ Firehe Distribution in Hawai'i 226 grows to over 50 ft (16 m) high, forrnin dense cano ies with an

2 understory devoid of other plant life (
understory devoid of other plant life (Smathers and sardner 19797. Firetree has narrow, pointed, smooth, dark green and Motter firetree has a strong tendency toward dioecism, found on pistillate plants and a flowers with be joined also grouped small, edible that form purple when ripe (Fosberg to map and abundance firetree to observe t g e phenological Distribution studies all infestations, both for implementation am, should found, and for future i? this species to determine the control programs. Sugar Plante

3 rs' obtained seeds firetree Portuguese
rs' obtained seeds firetree Portuguese farmer on the attempts (Fosberg Plantings were on the islands 1979), character of s noted, along Maui (Fosberg &e continued spread firetree the Territorial and Forest to begin X ipman Estate observed firetree spreadin Hawai'i in f e mid-1960s, Shipman Lindsey, pers. leases because spreads rapidly forms a desirable species Firetree major Hawaiian Islands except Kaho'olawe, have increased 1954), 21,375 a (8,550 ha) (Anonymous 1962), 40,000 a (16,000 and Null 19

4 70), and the firetree po ulations v
70), and the firetree po ulations various densities Hawai'i contained 50,000 a &000 ha); Maui, 3,000 a (1,200 ha); O'ahu, Kaua'i, 325 ha); and bna'i, 512 a (205 ha). Firetree where average (900 mm) mesic forest and C1, C Dl, and % of Ripperton and Hosaka (1942)l (Hosaka and Thistle 195~~non~mous 1962f Whiteaker and Gardner \ Firehe Distribution in Hawai'i 228 by the State, Tordon has been the most effective, com canopy kill and a 99% (Walters and i! f f 1970; mathers and Gardner 19

5 79; R. Karni, Hawaii Volca- National P
79; R. Karni, Hawaii Volca- National Park, bark application diesel oil and a method to introduce glyphosate) directly into the vascular tissue firetree through a cut remote areas and less-than-ideal CY ner and Kageler 1982 In some areas, pasturelands have been cleared of invading firetree wit b. bulldozers by However, follow-up momtoring and/or herbicide treatment of stumps brush piles to control Karni, exploratory entomologist from Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association to the firetree to search for pote

6 ntial berengeriana initial1 rejected
ntial berengeriana initial1 rejected because tests conducted 6ortugal Davis 1982; tested for agents. Krauss previous observations of insects associated firetree species. However, exploratory efforts control or to propagate. other apparently Myrica but no attempt been made test these as control from another trip indicated firetree is generally abundant and range and that m factors in or distribution insects were merit further should be control program firetree Hodges and firetree presented herein done in or n

7 ear firetree knowledgeable individuals
ear firetree knowledgeable individuals. distributiori were plotted on topographic maps Phenolop fruiting, leaf flushing, fall, and drop) were on the Whiteaker and Gatdner \ Firetree Dishibution in HawaiS M AUN A LOA HIGH DENSITY the island of Hawai'i. firetree the island of Maui. Whiteaker and Gardrter \ Firelwe Distibution in Hawai'i Figure 3. Distribution of firetree on the island of ha'i. N 0 - 0 15 krn Figure 4. Distribution of firetree on the island of O'ahu. Whiteaker and Gardne

8 r \ Firehe Distribution in Hawai'i DI
r \ Firehe Distribution in Hawai'i DISCUSSION Distribution The distribution of firetree a wide variety recent, thin ash over pahoehoe lava on Hawai'i Island and on soil classified by Foote et al. silty clay montane rain forest habitats It f ows as low as 1,400 ft (425 m) elevation on Liina'i and as 0 nearly vertical slo es on Liina'i, craters in Volcanoes National t: nearly level or gentle factors in firetree occurs suggest that the along these gradients where occur. Competition from other some sites,

9 small, outlying opulations may have b
small, outlying opulations may have been missed during the survey. The distribution o firetree not reached extent in P Firetree infestations in leeward as Kula Kona, Hawai'i, Kapapala and Keauhou Hawaii Volcanoes National m) and l! elevational extent. firetree m) and in Hamakua and National Park on'Hawai'i Island, on Liina'i, Infestations along Volcano Village Kapapala Ranch reache f elevation extent. firetree Hawaii Volcanoes Park between Kilauea 1961 (Doty By 1978,1,304 mapped as su porting f

10 iretree infestations of various P stu
iretree infestations of various P study show firetree Park, including These records in infested Hawaii Volcanoes Firetree has since read into survey (1983-1985). firetree includes infestations noncontiguous with the center of distribution m the Koke6e/Waimea area. Separating these firetree invasion is an area of closed-canopy mesic the tree its ability invade intact native forests. firetree somewhat shade intolerant, partially controlled disturbances, such as Whiteaker and Gardner \ Firetree Dist

11 ribution in Hawai'i annual precipitat
ribution in Hawai'i annual precipitation was only site for observation. Thus, although the amount firetree also almost never peaks of times of sites. This geographical osition sites relative Pu'u '0'0 vent an 8 corresponding incidence the large the amount firetree sulfur dioxide on the Most ecologists problem think present trend rapid spread firetree eventually in excluded. This, native birds, However, sufficient funds and available, nor firetree labor-intensive chemical mechanical removal approaches divert l

12 imited funding a from efforts to contr
imited funding a from efforts to control pla~t these approaches Although chemical control over that contain resources, such and endangered endemic native plant that support proach to chemical and/or mechanical control, biological control is the o d' hope for widespread control. the threat firetree and ranchlands, land managers and ranchers adjacent obtained. This firetree into rotected P also enable contro larger areas riculture and Land and Natural Resources f eclare firetree noxious weed and increase a

13 statewide on State research for firetre
statewide on State research for firetree should ge encouraged by roviding foreign exploration and related !i agencies s State-supported control could provide wef as Whiteaker and Gardner \ Firetree in Hawai'i 1962. Hawaii. Hawaii Plant Industry. Mimeo. selected problem Volcanoes National Park. Pres. Conf. Nat. Sci., Hawaii Volcanoes Natl. Proc. 2nd Nut. Sci., Hawaii Volcanoes Natl. Park, 51. Honolulu: Univ. Hawaii Coop. Natl. Park Resour. and D. 1%6. Atlas for bioecology shrdies Volcanoes Nationa

14 l Hawaii Bot. No. 2. Dep. Honolulu: Dun
l Hawaii Bot. No. 2. Dep. Honolulu: Dunevitz, V.L., and JJ. Ewel. 1981. Melopathy (Myrica cerifera) terebinthifolius. Flu. Scientist 44:l-13. Ewel, JJ., D.S. Ojima, DA. Karl, and W.F. DeBusk. 1982. Schinus in successional ecosystems of Eveq$ades T-676, Natl. Sew. So. Ha. Res. Cent., Everglades Natl. Park. Homestead, Ha. Foote, D.E., E.L. Hill, S. Nakamura, the islands Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, State Hawaii. Soil Conservation Service, Immigrant plants Islands. I. Occas. Paper No. 3

15 2. Honolulu: Univ. Hawaii. and evaluat
2. Honolulu: Univ. Hawaii. and evaluation rust diseases Rubus the southeastern Proc. Fijlh Conf. Nut. Sci., Hawaii Volcanoes Natl. Park, 53-60. Hawaii Coop. Resour. Stud. Unit. unusual flowering characteristics of wn . Bot. Soc. 24: 14- 17. C.J. Davis. biological control Coop. Natl. Resour. Stud. Unit. Honolulu. Gardner, D.E., and VA.D. Kageler. 1982. Herbicidal control of jiretree D.C.: U.S. eds. 2nd ed., revised and Hiano. Harold L. Lyon Arboretum. Honolulu: Univ. Hawaii Pr. Hodges, C.S., J

16 r., and D.E. Gardner. 1985. Myrica fay=
r., and D.E. Gardner. 1985. Myrica fay= biological control Tech. Rep. Coop. Natl. Resour. Stud. Unit. Honolulu. Whiteaker and Gardner \ Firetree Distibution in Hawai'i 240 Whiteaker, L.D., and D.E. Gardner. 1985. The distibution of Myrica faya Ait. in the state of Hawai'i. Tech. Rep. 55, Univ. Hawaii Coop. Resour. and D.E. phenology and stand shucture Hawaii Coop. Natl. Resour. Stud. Unit. Honolulu. Yamayoshi, H.T. 1954. fay survey of Paauilo and Kukaiau Plant Quarantine Agric. Dep. Rep. Un