Domino Theory- idea that if Vietnam fell to communism then surrounding countries would - PowerPoint Presentation

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Domino Theory- idea that if Vietnam fell to communism then surrounding countries would fall to communism

Term first used by Truman to rationalize sending aid to Greece and Turkey to help stop them from falling to Communism (1947)

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Battle of

Dien Bien Phu

March- May 1954

Vietminh troops attacked French for 56 days

French surrenderedWhat happened?French were in Dien Bien Phu wanting to cut off supply lines to VietminhThought that because of the rough terrain they were safe from attackDid not stop Vietminh

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

Took office in 1953- 1961- Republican

Referring

to communism in Indochina, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower put the theory into words during an April 7, 1954 news conference:

Finally, you have broader considerations that might follow what you would call the "falling domino" principle. You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very

quickly

. So you could have a beginning of a

disintegration that would have the most profound influences.

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Geneva Accords of July 1954

Cease fire

Temporary division of Vietnam at 17

th

parallel *Pro-Communism North and anti-Communism South*No military alliances or foreign troops/bases allowed in North or SouthNational elections to be held in 1956Reaction of U.S

Refused to sign agreement

Thought that it was a step forward for communism

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Nation building in South Vietnam

SEATO (southeast Asia Treaty Organization)- 1954-contain spread of communism in Southeast Asia (7 countries joined)

President Ngo

Dinh

Diem elected in 1955- Rigged election- won 98.2% of the votesNgo Dinh Diem was anti-communist and catholicU.S. supported Diem

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U.S Aid

During Truman administration (1946-1949)- secret aid of $160 millionDuring Eisenhower - $ 3 million a year

Try to build up South Vietnamese Army- ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam)

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JFK- President 1961-1963

Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamaraDiem was weak & ARVN was weak

Suggestions of disguising troops and settlement

Short-term plans- increase military advisors- increase in $$

Operation Sunrise-March 1962- Strategic Hamlet program-Battle of Ap Bac- ARVN loses- shows weakness

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http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=UM3uaXp8DAk

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Down with Diem

Vietnamese resistance

Organized crime –private armies against- (anti-Diem)

Vietcong

Buddhist sects (anti-Diem)Problems with DiemFavoritism towards family in government (nepotism)Made brother- Ngo Dinh

Nhu

- head of secret police- had personal command over ARVN (but not formal executive position)

Resettled people (before Operation Sunrise)

Seen as puppet of America

Buddhist crisis May-August 1963

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Self-immolations

Buddhist Monks killing themselvesDiems crackdownJailed Buddhist monks for protesting

Arrests 1,400 monks and kills many

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Coup of Diem

General of ARVN-designed a coup against Diem

Supported by CIA

Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam)- told the generals of ARVN that the U.S. would not interfere

A CIA operative gave South Vietnamese general $$ to carry out coup & that U.S. would not protect Diem

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Coup in Action

General Duong Van Minh of ARVN and other conspirators overthrew government on November 1, 1963Offered exile if Diem surrendered (he didn’t)

Diem & his brother escaped through passage and were captured the following morning and killed

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http://

app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=diem+coup

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Questions on Cable 243 Reading

H

ow do you believe the U.S. felt about

Nhu

? What from the reading supports your idea?What orders did Cable 243 give?

Why do you believe the U.S. wanted to keep this telegram secret and not have it leak?

Do you believe that the U.S. should have protected Diem from ARVN? Why or why not ?

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Lyndon B. Johnson 1963- 69

Anti-communist and a firm believer in domino theory Escalation of war in 3 stages

1) Covert Operations

2) Bombing

3)Use of ground combat troops

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In the early 1990s, he recounted: I

had the best seat in the house to watch that event, and our destroyers were just shooting at phantom targets—there were no PT boats there.... There was nothing there but black water and American fire power." Stockdale said his superiors ordered him to keep quiet about this.

-James Stockdale

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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

August 7th

, 1964

Blank check- gave power to Johnson to take any means he felt necessary in Southeast Asia

Problems with thisDoes not have to go back to congress for a declaration of war but can still commit troops to South VietnamJohnson’s approval goes up with American people

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Election of 1964

LBJ vs. Barry GoldwaterGoldwater wants to use atomic bomb on VietnamDaisy ad campaign

LBJ wins

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Escalation continues

Beginning of 1965: 23,000 U.S. troops

Operation Rolling Thunder- March 1965- April 1968

-Aimed at Ho Chi Minh trail

-LBJ picked bombing spots every week - Expansion in 1966 to POL raids- expanded bombing to bases and supply locations- Hit oil storage tanks

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Results of Bombing

Bombing campaign did not work- it did not stabilize South Vietnam government and did not bring North Vietnam to negotiating tableUsed more bombs in Operation Rolling Thunder then in all of WW2

80% killed North Vietnamese civilians

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Write down 5 facts

a

bout this political

cartoon

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Agent Orange

Used under Operation Ranch Hand

1962-1971 *JFK, JBJ, & Nixon*

20 million gallons of herbicides/defoliants

In both North Vietnam and South Vietnam5 million acres of forests and 500,000 acres of cropsUses: To destroy forests and expose Ho Chi Minh Trails Used in

South Vietnam to deprive the Viet Cong of food

and foliage

cover

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Effects of Agent Orange

Health effects- birth defects-death- miscarriagesEnvironmental effects- deforestation- killed off species-effects food chain because toxins still in soil/water

U.S. Veterans- increase of health problems- birth defects/miscarriages

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Major

Tu

Duc

Phang

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Agent Orange Questions:

1. Who was affected by Agent

Orange?

2. Why would Vietnam Veterans want their stories to be heard?

3. Who do you believe should be responsible for compensating those affected by Agent Orange? Why?4. Should have the courts gotten involved in this case? Why or why not?

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Compensation

1979 class

action lawsuit was

filed

Five years later, chemical companies agreed to pay $180 million in compensation to the veterans or relativesIn 1991, President George H.W. Bush signed into law the Agent Orange Act, which mandated that some diseases associated with defoliants be treated as the result of wartime

service

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Compensation for Vietnamese

In 2004, a group of Vietnamese citizens filed a class-action lawsuit against

chemical companies

The suit claimed

that Agent Orange health problems and that its use constituted a violation of international lawIn March 2005, a federal judge in Brooklyn, New York, dismissed the suit; another U.S. court rejected a final appeal in 2008

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William Westmoreland

United States Army General- commanded military

operations in Vietnam war

In command during peak of Vietnam War 64-68Believed we needed more fighting and increase U.S. presence to win the war Adopted Strategy of Attrition * military strategy -a side attempts to win a war by wearing down its enemy through continuous losses in personnel and material*

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Vietcong War

Tactics

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Ho Chi Minh trails

Network

of roads built from North Vietnam to South Vietnam through the neighboring countries of Laos and

Cambodia

carried more than 1 million N. Vietnamese soldiers and supplies to battlefields in S. Vietnam Not only a trail but connected to underground tunnelsRadio and telecommunications facilities, food and weapons caches, medical aid stations and barracks, all underground, hid thousands of the North Vietnamese

during

the war.

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http

://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=tunnels+of+cu+chi

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Tunnels of Cu Chi

Tunnels located in Cu Chi district ran

all the way to Saigon

Tunnel rats- performed

Search & destroy missionsVietcong used GuerrillaWarfare tacticsGuerrilla warfare- usingAmbushes, sabotage, & raids*element of surprise*

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Tunnels reading

Looking at the readings on the tunnels of Cu Chi contrast the U.S. approach to the Vietnam War and the Vietcong’s approach to the Vietnam War-

Things to look at:

W

hat tactics did both sides use? What were they fighting for? What tactic did the U.S. use to try to draw the VC out of the tunnels? How did the VC respond?*Use examples from the readings and notes

*

Write

2

paragraphs-

(remember a paragraph is

4-6

sentences)

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Facts about the Tunnels

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Sinking Morale

U.S. not winning the war

Different kind of war then the U.S. was used to fighting

U.S. saw that we were willing to die to defend a country but those within South Vietnam were not

End of 1965 – most American soldiers were draftedStart of the anti-war movement

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Hawk

Dove

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Anti-war movement & divide of America

Hawks- supported Johnson’s war policy- containment of communism- believed in domino theory

Doves-broke with Johnson’s war policy

Emergence of diverse groups:

SDS- Students for a Democratic Society- was founded in 1960 at the University of Michigan- wanted to end war in Vietnam Organized teach-ins and had males sign “we won’t go petitions”

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Public Figures

Muhammad Ali- 1967- refused to go to war

Based on religious beliefs- was fined and

Had a jail sentence- went all the way to

Supreme Court- he won based on conscientious objector statusMartin Luther King Jr.-1967- thought warWas taking $$ helping poor & alienated Some white moderates because theySupported Civil rights

but

still supported war

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SDS Reading

What problems did the SDS focus on?

Why did the narrator find the SDS appealing?

How did the narrator view the U.S. during his childhood?

How do the questions (second to last paragraph), asked by Potter, make you feel/view the U.S. ?

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T-Shirt Needs:

Slogan (anti or pro war)

Picture depicting slogan

I need to be able to look at the t-shirt and know if you are a Hawk or Dove

Make your t-shirt appropriate and colorful

Response:

Write 1-2 FULL paragraph(s) addressing the following questions

*Did you associate yourself as a Hawk or a Dove? Why?

*Explain your slogan and why the picture you chose corresponds with your slogan

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Statistics

Before 1967- 60 % supported war- 20% did not- 20% had no opinion

In 1967- 46% said war was a mistake- 44% supported war

More women opposed war than men 46% to 30%

Myth: If you were younger you were more likely to be anti-war- less than ½ of college campuses has protests

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Draft

Deferments- as war continued harder to get- earlier in war being in college would get you out of the draft

Burning draft cards- became more popular as war continued- law banning burning draft cards- went to Supreme Court- decided against protestors

Draft deferments-

If you were a sole surviving child with parents. health or mental exemptions. majority of National Guard units did not deploy

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http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyzUIEW-Q5E

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It

ain't

me, it

ain't

me

, I

ain't

no senator's

son

, son.

Some folks are born silver

spoon

in hand,

Lord, don't they help

themselves

, oh.

Some folks inherit star spangled

eyes

,

Ooh

, they send you down to

war

, Lord,

And

when you ask them,

"

How much should we give?"

Ooh, they only answer More!

more!

more

!

yoh

,

It

ain't

me, it

ain't

me, I

ain't

no

military

son, son.

It

ain't

me, it

ain't

me; I

ain't

no

fortunate

one, one.

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Credibility gap

1965- April (help S. Vietnam & peace)- June (long-term full scale war)Johnson administration being optimistic about warJournalists writing the opposite

Families seeing destruction and death on television

Led to distrust by Americans

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Tet

Offensive

U.S. knew a attack from VC was coming

Westmoreland thought attack was going to be in Khe Sanh (17th parallel *border*)VC attack on 36 rural cities and 100 villages- Attacks on Saigon & American EmbassyKhe Sanh- Westmoreland thought this was where he would get his peace battle

6000 tons of napalm

Entire area bombed

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Results of

Tet

Offensive

VC weakened

No South Vietnam rebellion (like predicted)ARVN still weak (as always)Known as turning point in the warWas this a victory for the U.S. ?

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Things to think about:

If U.S. was doing so well then why did

Tet

happen ?

Destroy a country to win

Slide53

http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDNJL0mTHWI

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Johnson puts more troops in Vietnam (13,500)

March 31

st

speech

Beginning of peace negotiations1 more step up in troops sentARVN take over moreJohnson not running for reelection!

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Can We Win the War?

1) Does your group believe that we can win the Vietnam War? Why or why not?

2A) If you believe we

CAN

win the war, what approach/military strategy should we use? What could be positive and negative outcomes of this strategy? What could happen if we still lose?

2B) If you believe we

CANNOT

win the war, what should the U.S. do?

What could be positive and negative outcomes of this strategy?

Should the U.S. continue to fight or pull out of the war? Why or why not?

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