proposed earlier, versus long-term memory, procedural declarative memo - PDF document

' proposed earlier, versus long-term memory, procedural declarative memory, comprehensive classificatory schemes. One such scheme 1. It includes fivc and memory perceptual priming, which evidence at the present stage variable quality. the major systems because little relation to other But, somc widely used semantic and episodic memory sharc a features, they factual) memory. frequently used memory de- signates the e.~pression stored information without its acquisition time, what the individual knows remembering how, whcn, the knowledge was other hand, what the as a personal Human Memory Major systems Procedural memory Implicit Perceptual priming thc individual's present the stimulus information emanating from the The function semantic memory model the external world. memory represents the world; factual knowledge the broadest Semantic memory, it the operations episodic memory recent origin. not involve explicit recollection It refers efTect a word that word from reduced perceptual that exposure Material may be protected copyright law (Title Priming and Memory Syslems even when remember the itcm which it has several interesting properties. unconscious: people way from similar objects. A memory: experiments are as for the people consciously remember having encountered earlicr for the stimulus items over long a single list of words may result in cff'ects study memory relatively precise about the nature In paradigms, memory assessed with a sfudy which people target materials, b) a rctcntion people perform tasks unrelated to the resr think back materials (recall) thc not presented Experimental studies have,adhered procedure have provided good deal for recent events. priming experiment comprises three explicit memory experiments occurs. remember previously perform a task typically involves reference is the prior study test cues nonstudied items that bcen presented during when the identifying previously decreased, relative the accuracy to complete word stems word that comes (e.g., inferred from stems with studied words identify a (e.g., perceptual exposure; more accurate new nonstudied items. .,. Dissociations between priming and other forms and important different processes from those memory for was provided by studies of' brain-damaged patients with organic amnesia. Amnesic patients are characterized by in explicit recent events, despite diencephalic brain normal subjects stem completion memory tasks, despite remember explicitly the targct items or the study episodc in which the items were encountered. Thus, the memory processes that subserve apparently supported different brain system ~lnderlying for a recent because normal can explicit memory. between priming amnesic patients, similar dissociations subjects who deficits. dissociation has becn observed in experimcnts nonsemantic study cxplicit memory. It established nonsemantic study itcm. For cxample, when subjccts perform a semantic encoding task during the study phase of an experiment (e.g., rate the pleasantness of a word or provide a definition ol word), subsequent probability explicitly remembering (e.g.. In contrast, however, it perceptual identification task unaflected is unaffected nonsemantic encoding manipulations that influence explicit memory was reported used familiar targct been observed experiment, subjects during the study perrormed semantic encoding task (think functions that may be Priming and be used (count the vertices in complction test in perceptual fragments nonstudied objects, mind in the perceptual this test tasks, even for studied study task than the nonsemantic differencc between priming frequently influenced physical form stimulus than example, priming visual implicit perceptual identification, presenting target words thereby indicating that is modality-specific. lcss affected by such studyjtest modality shifts. Therc also some surface features item between study (e.g., a word form, there may priming than word the same does not constitute example, evidence interfering material retention interval, such inteference studies have can proceed unaffected expected, a similarities have been memory, but a variety concerning theoretical position holds the temporary activation automatically activates activation then subsides rather accommodate some results, this general diffic~~lty be surprisingly long-livcd certain conditions, lasting priming has observed after unfamiliar materials, such nonsense words have any a unit. memory are created memory explicit memory, respectively. Specifically, it is held most standard-explicit memory conceptually driven semantically based, implicit memory is held dependent on data-driven processing; processing determined memory, but semantic study than nonsemantic study whereas priming should more dependent on matching surface features major problem provide a satisfactory preserved in investigators have proposed that on a memory system neuroanatomically distinct from the systcm the hippocampus) that are necessary for We reccntly developed a version this hypothesis perceptual representation interacting subsystems handles information about the form structure, but experimental conditions, hyperspecific in small variations greatly influence accessibility thc representations in functional development memory systems evidence for neuro- certain types objects, access to two kinds neuroimaging studies of lex~cal processing using the technique of positron emission tomography lead to thc same conclusion. 30th the neurophysiological and neuroima- ging data suggest that the including extrastriate previously discussed that semantic study and dependent on structural information, it makes sense t, such as PRS 1 critically involved n. reason to believe that PRS is impaired in amnesic be protected by copyright patients, so the fact amnesics generally applies only word completion amensic on implicit memory tests that are primarily conceptually driven, producing members a category name. conceptually driven a different basis does data-driven priming, depends on semantic memory. A great deal remains be learned particular, there is little Nevertheless, the vistas for seems likely further empirical theoretical analysis handsome dividends and Memory Systems 133 Further reading Musen G, Treisman (1990): Implicit E.up Psjchol 16:127-137 Richardson-Klavehn A, Bjork RA (1988): Measures of memory. Annu Rev Psychol 36: 475-543 Roediger HL, Wcldon MS, Challis B (1989): ~i~laining explicit measures retention: A processing account. In: Varieries of rnetnory and consciousness: Essay.r in honor of Endel Tulving, Roediger HL, Craik FIM, eds. Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum (1987): Implicit memory: history and current Psychol 13: 501-5 18 (1990): Perceptual representation implicit memory: resolution of the multiple memory debate. In: Derelopmenr and Neural o$ Hiqher Cognitive Function. Diamond A! ed. New York Academy of Sciences, 608:543-571 Squire LR (1987): Mernory and Bruin. New York: Oxrord University Press Tulving E, Schacter DL (1990): Priming and human mcmory systems, Science 247:301-306 Weiskranti! memory systems. Humun Neuvobiol 6:93-105 Material may CO