HEALTH By NOSIKU S MUNYINDA Introduction The London Fog London fog 2 Sources of Air Pollution Sources 2 Growth of world motor vehicle 19301995 Factors affecting concentrations of Air ID: 1044112
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1. AIR POLLUTION AND PLANeTARY HEALTHBy NOSIKU S MUNYINDA
2. Introduction
3. The London Fog
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5. London fog 2
6. Sources of Air Pollution
7. Sources 2
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9. Growth of world motor vehicle 1930-1995
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12. Factors affecting concentrations of Air Pollutants
13. Indoor Air Pollution - Overview
14. Indoor Air Pollution
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16. Some Indoor Air PollutantsAcetone - in cosmetics, fragrances, human breathAmmonia - in cleaning productsBenzene - in laser printers, particle board, paint, tobaccoBenzaldehyde - in detergents and fragrancesBenzyl acetate - in air fresheners, fragrancesChloroform - in chlorinated tap waterFormaldehyde - in particle boards, carpets, clothes, glueLimonene - in deodorants, disinfectants, fragrancesTerpinen - in deodorants, fragrancesToulene - in glue, laser printers, paint and particle boardTrichloroethyl - in photocopiersXylene - in glue, laser printers, paint and particle board
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18. Lead Particulates
19. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)The US- EPA has classified environmental tobacco smoke as a Class A carcinogen.It is responsible for approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 62,000 heart disease deaths annually in U.S. non-smokers.ETS includes toxic gases, particulate matter and radiogenic species.
20. Among the powerful poisons in Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) are:Carbon monoxideNitrogen oxideAmmoniaMethyl isocyanateHydrogen cyanidePhenol Among the carcinogens in ETS are: Benzo [a] pyreneNitrosaminesAromatic aminesBenzeneFormaldehydePolonium-210 (radioactive)Tobacco Toxins
21. Dust MitesThese microscopic insects excrete proteins that can trigger asthma and allergy attacks in people.Typical places to find mites are the mattress, and the carpeting next to the bed, because the bed is where we spend the majority of our time -- at least 8 hours a day sleeping, so we lose a lot of skin cells there. The average person sheds enough skin cells every day to feed thousands of mites for a month.
22. COOKING ENERGY CRISIS!!!!2021-10-2822
23. Evidence for Air Pollution and Health23
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25. Location of cooking sites2021-10-2825
26. Air Pollution Measurements in Matero Households2021-10-2826
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28. Findings related to Children28
29. SICK BUILDING SYNDROME
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31. Health Effects - Respiratory
32. Health Effects - CardiacPeters et al. – strong correlation between cardiopulmonary disease and PM2.5 mass.Acid deposition (gas and particle) and linkage to cardiac ischemia???
33. Biogenic Air PollutantsChew et al. – Cockroach allergen and sensitivity to AsthmaConsistent 8-10 hour exposure to Epidermal detritusPet dander
34. Some Volatile Organic CompoundsCompoundHealth EffectsBenzeneCarcinogen; respiratory tract irritantXylenesNarcotic; irritant; affects heart, liver, kidney, and nervous systemTolueneNarcotic; possible cause of anemiaStyreneNarcotic; affects control of nervous system; probable human carcinogenToluene diisocyanate (TDI)Sensitizer; probable human carcinogenTrichlaroethaneAffects central nervous systemEthyl benzeneSevere irritation of eyes and respiratory tract; affects central nervous systemDichloromethaneNarcotic; affects nervous system; probable human carcinogen1.4-DichlorobenzeneNarcotic; affect liver, kidney, and central nervous system; eye and respiratory tract irritantBenzyl chlorideCentral nervous system depressant; affects liver and kidney; eye and respiratory tract irritant2-Butanone (MEK)Irritant; central nervous system depressantPetroleum distillatesAffects central nervous system, liver, and kidneys4-PhenylcyclohexeneEye and respiratory tract irritant; central nervous system Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. Report no. EPA/400/3–91/ 003, Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991.
35. Non-Health EffectsStress decreased job performance, missed time at work/school, etc.Oxidants decaying possessions (i.e. artwork, food products)
36. A Special Health ConcernChildrenCuriosityDevelopingHigh metabolismGround-level activity
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38. Reported health effects in Indoor Air Pollution StudyCoughingSneezingRapid pulse rateFatigueUnconsciousnessDizzinessThroat drynessTearsRunny noseHeadache Chest painRed eyesSwollen eyesShortness of breath38
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40. Coherence of effects
41. IS IT ALL DOOM AND GLOOM????2021-10-2841
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44. Source ControlEliminate individual sources of pollution or to reduce their emissions. - seal or enclose (asbestos) - adjust to decrease the amount of emissions. (gas stoves)In many cases, source control is also a more cost-efficient approach to protecting indoor air quality than increasing ventilation because increasing ventilation can increase energy costs.
45. Ventilation ImprovementsIncrease the amount of outdoor air coming indoors. - Opening windows and doors, operating window or attic fans, when the weather permits, or running a window air conditioner with the vent control open increases the outdoor ventilation rate.
46. Ventilation - CtdImportant to take as many of these steps as possible while you are involved in short-term activities that can generate high levels of pollutants. - painting, paint stripping, heating with kerosene heaters, cooking, or engaging in maintenance and hobby activities such as welding, soldering, or sanding.
47. Air CleanersThe effectiveness of an air cleaner depends on how well it collects pollutants from indoor air and how much air it draws through the cleaning or filtering element. A very efficient collector with a low air-circulation rate will not be effective, nor will a cleaner with a high air-circulation rate but a less efficient collector. The long-term performance of any air cleaner depends on maintaining it according to the manufacturer's directions.
48. How do we change the horizon???2021-10-2848
49. ARE THESE ENOUGH????2021-10-2849
50. PLANETARY HEALTH- FROM KNOWLEDGE TO TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE, Local Solutions Go back to the communities50
51. We need to make a choice between Present benefits vs discounted costs. 10/28/202151
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53. Reflections for developing countriesHousing design, Domestic and Hazardous Waste Management SystemsRural and urban planning implicationsIntegrated Planetary Health that takes into account climatic variations, social determinants and other ecological factorsTotal homestead environment approach that looks at the entire planet.
54. Thank You For Your Attention!!Questions are Welcome…..2021-10-2854