Curriculum Lesson Renewable Energy Rev 10A Brian Carpenter Jessa Ellenburg and John Birks Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson students should be able to Identify NonRenewable ID: 326465
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Slide1
Global Ozone Project
Curriculum
Lesson:
Renewable Energy
Rev 10A
Brian Carpenter, Jessa Ellenburg and John BirksSlide2
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson students should be able to:
Identify
Non-Renewable
Energy Sources.
Identify the top five
Renewable Energy Sources.
Identify
Pros and Cons
for each
Renewable Energy
Source.
Slide3
Global Ozone Project
Curriculum
Part 1:
Introduction to Energy Use Slide4
Energy Introduction
Heat
Engine:
a device that can convert heat energy
to mechanical energy.Fancy name for a car engine, a power plant,
your refrigerator, air conditioner, etc.
Efficiency
of a heat engine is expressed in terms
of the
temperature difference between the hot
side and
the cold
side. Efficiency
= (
T
hot
–
T
cold
)/
T
hot
Cars are only about 20 to 30% efficient. Coal fired power plants are around 35% efficient.Slide5
Electricity Introduction
Generating
ElectricityTo get electricity, we
convert mechanical energy
to electrical energy
Converting mechanical energy to electricity is done
by
electromagnetic
induction
discovered by
Michael Faraday
in 1831.
Michael FaradaySlide6
Electricity
Generating Electricity
Spinning conductive wires
inside a magnetic field causes electrons
to move inside
the wires, and moving electrons are electricity.
We can use both renewable and nonrenewable energy sources (fossil fuels) to do this.Slide7
Energy Sources
Major
Renewable Sources Solar
HydropowerWind
BiomassGeothermal
Major Non-Renewable
Sources
Oil
Coal
Natural gas
Nuclear
F
uelwoodSlide8
From
Energy
Sources
to
ElectricitySlide9
US vs. Global Energy Use
US Energy Use
Global Energy UseSlide10
Energy Production by StateSlide11
Global Ozone Project
Curriculum
Part 2:
Renewable Energy TechnologiesSlide12
Renewables
Major Renewable
Energy Sources
Hydropower
BiomassGeothermalWind
SolarSlide13
Active Solar
We utilize two types of Solar Energy:
Active Solar
& Passive Solar
Active
Solar:Technologies like Solar Panels (
Photovoltaics
) are used to convert solar energy
into
electrical
energy
.
Slide14
Passive Solar - Heating and Cooling
Passive Solar:
Direct use of sun’s heat energy for home
heating.Slide15
Passive Solar – Water Heating
Another use of passive solar – to heat water for household use.Slide16
Solar Potential for the USSlide17
Costs of Solar Electricity (Active Solar)
Costs of PV electricity:
Industrial system (500 kilowatt system, about $2.5M).Sunny day: 15-20 cents/k
Whr, 35-55 cents on a cloudy day.
Home system (2 kilowatt system, about $18,000).Sunny day: 35 cents/
kWhr, 80 cents on a cloudy day.
Compare this with electricity from coal:
Peak cost: 15 cents/kilowatt-hour.
Off-peak cost: 10 cents/kilowatt-hour or less.Slide18
Pros and Cons of Active Solar (Solar Panels)
Pros:
Solar panels give off no pollution, the only pollution produced as a result of solar panels is the manufacturing of these devices in factories, transportation of the goods, and installation.
Solar
energy produces electricity very quietly.The ability to harness electricity in remote locations that are not linked to a national grid.
The installation of solar panels in remote locations is usually much more cost effective than laying the required high voltage wires.Solar
energy can be very efficient in
a large area of the globe, and new technologies allow for a more efficient energy production on overcast/dull days.
Space is not an issue because solar
panels can be installed on top of many
rooftops.
Solar is cost-effective. Although
the initial investment
cost of
solar cells may be high, once installed, they provide a free source of electricity, which will pay off over the coming years.
Utilizing solar energy decreases dependence on fossil fuels.
Cons:
The major con of solar energy is the initial cost of solar cells. Currently, prices of highly efficient solar cells can be above $1000, and some households may need more than one.
Solar
energy is only able to generate electricity during daylight hours.
T
he
weather can affect the efficiency of solar cells.
Pollution
can
affect a solar
cell’s efficiency.Slide19
Pros and Cons of Passive Solar Heating/Cooling
Pros:
Renewable. No fuels required.
Non-polluting. Carbon free except for production and transportation.
Simple, low
maintenance.Hot
water
provides
some
storage capacity.
Operating costs are
near-zero.
Quiet. Few or no moving parts.
Mature
technology.
Good
return on investment.
High
efficiency.
Can
be combined with
photovoltaics
in highly efficient cogeneration schemes
.
Cons:
Intermittent.
Low
energy
density.
Does not produce
electricity.
Supplemental energy source or storage required for long sunless
stretches.
Expensive compared to conventional water
heaters.
Construction/installation costs can be
high.
Hard
to compete against very cheap natural
gas.
Some people find them visually
unattractive.
Manufacturing processes can create
pollution.
Installers not available
everywhere.
Generally not practical to store or sell excess
heat.
Produce low grade energy (heat vs. electricity
).
Dependent
on home location and
orientation.Slide20
Future of Solar Power
Ways
to improve:
1. Concentrators:
these are mirrors that concentrate the sun’s energy to improve
efficiency.2
.
Hybrid S
olar Systems:
combine
solar with other
forms of
energy production to
make cheaper and more reliable. For
example
, solar-wind
, and
solar-hydro.
3.
Consider Cost of Pollution: Cost
of
coal-based
electricity is cheaper in part because pollution is not factored into
the cost
.
Cost of pollution
from solar
(in manufacturing process) would be
much
less.Slide21
Hydropower
Basics:
• Form of solar energy, as the sun drives water evaporation from the ocean and winds carry the moisture overland.• Largest form of alternative energy used today.
• Industrialized countries have already tapped much of their potential.• Non-industrialized countries have the most untapped potential.Slide22
Hydropower - Dams
Dams
Height of dam and mass of water determine useful energy.
Efficiency is very good
to excellent, generally 80 to 90
% efficient in converting potential energy to electrical energy.
Potential Energy =
mass*gravity*heightSlide23
Hydropower Generation
Hydroelectric
power production costs less than half of fossil fuel derived
electricity (does not include
construction costs).Slide24
Future of Hydropower
Tidal
Power: Propeller Systems
Tidal P
ower
:
Wave Systems
Tidal
Power
:
EnclosuresSlide25
Pros and Cons of Hydropower
Pros:
• Very clean.
•
Cheap.
• Flood control (primary reason for dams).
•
Multiple
crops per year
possible.
Cons
:
•
P
otential
is limited globally to about 5 to 10% of energy
needs.
•
Dependability
is an issue; prolonged droughts can cut
electrical production
in half or
more
.
•
Dams
have drawbacks,
including:
Environmental impacts
Loss
of nutrient flow down
river
Loss
of sediment flow down
river
Sedimentation
behind the dam limits lifetime of the
dam
Flooding
of scenic
areas and archaeological sites
Ecosystem
below the dam is usually changed by having
colder, nutrient
poor
water
Aesthetics
Loss
of wild
riversSlide26
Wind Power
Basics
Use dates back thousands of years in the form of windmills, sailing ships, etc.
Typical efficiency is about 30%.
Maximum theoretical efficiency is thought to be about 60
%.Slide27
WindmillsSlide28
US Wind Power Potential
Midwest
has more than 90% of US potentialSlide29
Wind Power Pros/Cons
Pros
Cost is very competitive, production costs are about 5 cents per
kilowatt-hour (coal electricity is around 15 cents). This is down from 7 to 10
cents per kilowatt-hour in 1995
and 15 cents per kilowatt-hour in the 1980's.
In this case subsidies helped to create a viable market.
It is estimated that the costs could
be lowered
to 3-4 cents per kilowatt-hour
as wind
technology improves
. Improvements
in technology may also
open less
windy areas up for economically
useful and
viable wind power
.
Cons
Reliability is a key issue, as the wind does
not always
blow. Requires a storage mechanism
that compensates
for
reliability.
Recently, aesthetics has become a
significant issue
.
Killing of birds and
bats from high blade tip speeds.
Disruption of natural wind patterns.Slide30
Biomass
BasicsEnergy from the sun, via photosynthesis in plants.
This is the same energy we use as food.This is the same energy that made fossil fuels; fossil fuels are concentrated over time by the heat and pressure within the Earth.
The oldest form of energy used by humans: wood fire, a form of biomass.Slide31
Biomass
What is biomass?
Any plant tissue can be used for energy, but the faster the
plant grows, the more useful it
is.Slide32
Biomass
How does it work? How
do we convert biomass energy to useful forms of energy?
• Direct burning
• Gasification•
Cofiring• FermentationSlide33
Future of Biomass
GMO “Energy Crops” - like Poplar and Willow trees which have been genetically engineered and bred for rapid growth
• Algae - also grows rapidly• Biodiesel - Canola and
Sorghum, etc.•
Cellulosic Ethanol
Developing ideasSlide34
Biomass Pros and Cons
Pros:
Truly a renewable fuel
Widely available
Generally low cost
inputsAbundant supply
Can
be domestically produced for energy
independence
Low
carbon, cleaner than fossil
fuels
Can
convert waste into energy, helping to deal with
waste
Cons:
Energy
intensive to
produce
Land
utilization can be
considerable
Requires
water to
grow
Not
totally clean when burned (NOx, soot, ash, CO, CO
2
)
May
compete directly with food production (e.g. corn, soy
)
Some
fuels are
seasonal
Energy required to transport
Overall
process can be
expensive
Some
methane and CO
2
are emitted during
production
Not
easily
scalableSlide35
Geothermal Power
Geothermal
ElectricitySlide36
Geothermal in the HomeSlide37
Geothermal Potential in the USSlide38
Future of Geothermal
Ocean
Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC):
This is a special case of geothermal energy, as
the source of the energy is the sun, warming the surface waters
of the ocean.Uses the temperature difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface ocean waters to run a heat engine and produce useful work, usually in the form of electricity.
The
cold water typically comes from about
1000 meters.
Attractions of
OTEC
are
:
Steady source of energy (all day, all year).
Potential large in warm areas (Florida, Hawaii) requiring air conditioning.
Could use this energy to create hydrogen gas from seawater.
Could be used to desalinize water.
Mariculture
(seafood farming)Slide39
Geothermal Pros and Cons
Pros:Almost
entirely emission free.
The process can scrub out sulfur that might have otherwise been
released.
No fuel required (no mining or transportation).
Not
subject to the same fluctuations as solar or
wind.
Smallest
land footprint of any major power
source.
Virtually
limitless
supply.
Inherently
simple and
reliable.
Can
provide base load or peak
power.
Already
cost competitive in some
areas.
Could
be built
underground.
New
technologies show promise to utilize lower
temperatures.
Cons
:
Prime
sites are very
location-specific.
Prime
sites are often far from population
centers.
Losses
due to long distance transmission of
electricity.
Water usage.
Sulfur
dioxide and silica
emissions.
High
construction
costs.
Drilling
into heated rock is very
difficult.
Minimum
temperature of 350F+ generally
required.Slide40
Emerging Technologies
There are many interesting emerging renewable technologies. A few examples are:
Soccer Ball ChargerSpray-on Solar Panels
Green Gasoline
What will you come up with??