VS Karpe Dept of Economics Sarvajanik Arts amp Commerce College Visarwadi Tal Navapur Dist Nandurbar MH Examples As a result of fall in the price of radio from Rs 500 to Rs 400 quantity demanded increases from 100 radios to 150 radios ID: 1027282
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1. Elasticity of DemandByDr. V.S. KarpeDept. of EconomicsSarvajanik Arts & Commerce College, Visarwadi, Tal. Navapur, Dist. Nandurbar (MH)
2. ExamplesAs a result of fall in the price of radio from Rs. 500 to Rs. 400, quantity demanded increases from 100 radios to 150 radios.As a result of fall in the price of wheat from Rs. 10 per kg to Rs. 9 per kg, the demand increases from 500 kgs to 520 kgs.As a result of a fall in the price of salt from Rs. 3 per kg to Rs. 2.50 per kg, the demand increases from 1000 to 1005 kgs.
3. DefinitionElasticity of Demand as the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to changes in one of the variables on which demand depends.It is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in one of the variables on which demand depends. These variables are price of the commodity, price of the related commodities, income of the consumers.
4. Price ElasticityIt expresses the response of quantity demanded to a change in its price, ceteris paribus.Price Elasticity = EpEp = % change in quantity demanded ------------------------------------------------ % change in priceEp= Change in quantity X Original price ------------------------ ------------------------ Change in price Original quantity
5. ExampleThe price of a commodity decreases from Rs. 6 to Rs. 4 and the quantity demanded increases from 10 units to 15 units. Find the co-efficient of price elasticity.
6. Interpreting numerical values of elasticity of demandThe numerical value of elasticity of demand can assume any value between zero and infinityElasticity is zero, if there is no change in quantity demanded when price changes.Elasticity is one if the percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to the percentage change in price.
7. Interpreting numerical values of elasticity of demandElasticity is greater than one when the percentage change in quantity demanded is more than the percentage change in price.Elasticity is less than one when the percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in priceElasticity is infinity when a small reduction in price raises the demand from zero to infinity.
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9. Methods of measuring elasticityPercentage method( Suppose quantity demanded of coconut is initially 800 units at a price of Rs. 10 and increases to 1000 units when price falls to Rs. 8. Calculate price elasticity of demand of coconut)
10. Point elasticity of demandRefers to measuring the elasticity at a particular point on the demand curve.Defined as dq/dp x p/qWhere dq/dp is the derivative of quantity q w.r.t price p on the demand curve.Point elasticity = Upper segment / Lower segment
11. Arc Elasticity methodArc elasticity measures elasticity at the mid point of an arc between any two points on a demand curve.Elasticity = q1-q2/q1+q2 X p1 +p2/ p1-p2Where p1 = original price q1 = original quantity p2 = new price q2 = new quantity
12. Total outlay methodElasticity is measured by comparing expenditure levels before and after any change in price.
13. Determinants of price elasticity of demandAvailability of substitutesProportion of income spent on the commodityNature of need that the commodity satisfiesNumber of uses to which a commodity can be putTimeConsumer habitsPrice range
14. Income elasticity of demandIncome elasticity is the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to a small change in the income of the consumersThe relationship between income elasticity of goods and proportion of income spent on it can be described in the following propositions.
15. PropositionsIf the proportion of income spent on goods remain the same as income increases, then income elasticity for the goods is equal to one.If the proportion of income spent on goods Increases as income increases, then income elasticity for the goods is greater than oneIf the proportion of income spent on goods decreases as income increases, then income elasticity for the goods is less than one
16. Positive Income elasticity of demandWhen with an increase in the income of the consumer, the demand for the good increases and vice versa.It is positive in case of normal goods
17. Negative Income elasticity of demandWhen increase in income of the consumer is accompanied by a fall in the demand of goodsIt happens in case of inferior goods or Giffen goods
18. Zero Income elasticity of demandWhen change in the income of a consumer does not have any effect on the demandDemand for necessaries like oil, salt etc have zero income elasticity of demand
19. Cross Elasticity of DemandCross elasticity of demand is the change in the demand of one good in response to a change in the price of another good. Ec = ∆qx py --------- X ----------- ∆py qxWhere Ec = Cross elasticity of demand qx = original quantity demanded of X ∆qx = Change in quantity demanded of X py = Original price of Y ∆py = Change in Price of Y
20. Positive cross elasticity of demandIt is positive in case of substitute goods.For ex, a rise in the price of coffee will lead to a rise in demand for tea.The curve slopes upward from left to right
21. Negative cross elasticity of demandIt is negative in case of complementary goodsFor ex, an increase in the price of bread will lead to a fall in the demand for butterThe curve slopes downward from left to right
22. Zero cross elasticity of demandCross elasticity demand is zero when two goods are not related to each other.For ex, rise in the price of wheat will have no effect on the demand for shoes.
23. Read the following data and answer the questionsXYZ are 3 commodities. X and Y are complements whereas X and Z are substitutes.A shopkeeper sells commodity X at Rs. 40 per piece. At this price he is able to sell 100 pieces of X per month. After some time he decreases the price of X to Rs. 20. Following the price decrease: He is able to sell 150 pieces a monthThe demand for Y increases from 25 units to 50 unitsThe demand for commodity Z decreases from 150 units to 75 units
24. QuizThe price elasticity of demand when the price of X decreases from Rs. 40 to Rs. 20 will be equal to :1.51.01.660.6
25. QuizThe cross elasticity of demand for Y when the price of X decreases from Rs. 40 to Rs. 20 is equal to:+1-1-1.51.5