VitalStatistics Reports - PDF document

1 VitalStatistics Reports Volume 70, Numbe
VitalStatistics Reports Volume 70, Number 1 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESCenters for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics National Vital Statistics SystemU.S. State Life Tables, 2018by Elizabeth Arias, Ph.D., Brigham Bastian, B.S., Jiaquan Xu, M.D., and Betzaida Tejada-Vera, M.S., Division of Vital Statistics This report presents complete period life tables for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia by sex Hawaii had the highest life expectancy at birth, 81.0 years in 2018, and West Virginia had the lowest, 74.4 years. Life years in Hawaii. Life expectancy at birth was higher for females state life expectancy • survival • death rates • the total, male, and female populations of each state and D.C. National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021The data used to prepare the U.S. state life tables for 2018 from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Data from and census data for ages 66 and over. The methodology used to some states, very small age-specific or zero numbers of deaths smoothing techniques not necessary in the construction of the rates in the oldest ages was also necessary due to the lack of Technical interval between the two exact ages indicated. For instance, “20–21” means the 1-year interva

2 l between the 20th and 21st Column 2. Pr
l between the 20th and 21st Column 2. Probability of dying)—Shows the probability Table MA–2Column 3. Number surviving)—Shows the number of births who survive to the beginning of each age interval. The alive at the beginning of each age interval. For example, out of 100,000 male babies born alive in Massachusetts in 2018, 99,243 will survive to their 21st birthday (Table MA–2in each successive age interval out of the original 100,000 Table MA–2Column 5. Person-years lived ()—Shows the number of age interval total time (in years) lived between two indicated birthdays by all those reaching the earlier birthday. Therefore, the figure 99,213 for males in the age interval 20–21 is the total number of years Table MA–2Column 6. Total number of person-years livedthe total number of person-years that would be lived after the beginning of the age interval + 1 by the hypothetical life table cohort. For example, the figure 5,776,560 is the total Table MA–2)—The expectation of life at any given age is the average number of years remaining to be lived by those surviving to that age, based on a given set of age-specific rates of dying. It is derived by dividing the total of persons who survived to that age interval (Table MA–2life table functions presented in this report are subj

3 ect to error. the probability of dying a
ect to error. the probability of dying and life expectancy, are also presented. The mortality data on which the state life tables are based are not known to affect mortality estimates, they are not considered in In most cases, standard errors for life expectancy at birth and the However, for some states with small populations, particularly at D.C. is available online from ‘‘U.S. State Life TablesTable ITable numbering is based on the federal information processing standards, or FIPS, alpha code for the state combined with a table probability of dying and life expectancy. For example,Table FL–2Table A National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 Table A. Life expectancy at birth, rank, and standard error, by sex: Each state, the District of Columbia, and United States, 2018TotalFemaleNew York Washington 880.00.058877.70.085782.30.076New Jersey 979.80.0461177.30.067882.30.059Rhode Island 1079.80.1311277.20.192982.20.173Oregon .1179.70.0651077.5 Vermont .1579.30.0571576.90.0841481.60.076Iowa .1679.20.0771876.80.1111581.60.103New Hampshire 1779.10.1171976.70.1741781.50.154Nebraska 1879.10.0991676.80.1422181.40.133Idaho 1979.00.1051776.80.1532281.30.139Virginia .2079.00.0472076.60.0692381.30.063South Dakota .2178.90.1542276.50.2202081.40.209Florida 2278.90.0322476.20.0471681.60.042

4 Illinois 2378.80.0402376.20.0582481.30.0
Illinois 2378.80.0402376.20.0582481.30.052United States …78.7……76.2……81.2…Montana .2478.70.1382176.50.19727 MarylandTexas .2878.40.0262676.00.0382880.80.035Pennsylvania 2978.10.0403275.50.0592980.80.053Wyoming .3078.10.1852576.10.2673580.30.252Kansas . .3178.00.0833175.70.1203480.30.112Alaska 3278.00.1682776.00.2403680.20.232Nevada .3377.90.0813375.40.1193280.50.106Delaware 3477.80.1503674.80.2263080.60.195Michigan 3577.70.0463475.40.0663880.10.061District of Columbia .3677.70.1843874.60.2723180.50.245North Carolina 3777.60.0453574.90.0663780.20.058Georgia 3877.20.0443774.70.0643979.70.059New Mexico . 3977.20.1064174.20.1573380.40.138Indiana .4076.80.0563974.40.0814279.30.075Ohio .4176.80.0434074.20.0624079.30.057Missouri . Arkansas Tennessee West VirginiaCategory not applicable.NOTE: Life expectancies shown in this table are rounded, but rankings are based on unrounded life expectancies.SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. United States life expectancy: 78.779.4–81.078.7–79.377.3–78.674.4–77.2 ORCAAZAKHINMTXLAMSALGAOHFLARMOTNKYNEOKKSNVUTCOWAIDMTNDWYSDWIMI

5 MENHMACTRINJDEVTNYPAWVVAMDNCSCINILMNIA D
MENHMACTRINJDEVTNYPAWVVAMDNCSCINILMNIA DC for males, with a life expectancy of 78.4 years. West Virginia expectancies at birth of 74.4, 71.7, and 77.3 years, respectively. populations, respectively.expectancy.Table B19.3, and 22.6 years, respectively. Kentucky ranked 51st, with the lowest life expectancy among the 50 states and D.C. for the 17.5 and 18.6, respectively. For males, Mississippi ranked 51st, with a life expectancy at age 65 of 15.9 years. In comparison, life and 20.7 for the total, male, and female populations, respectively. shows that states with the lowest life expectancies at Summaryplanned series of annual state life tables. Historically, complete level life tables has been published by the National Center for National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 Difference in life expectancy at birth (years)79.4–81.078.7–79.377.3–78.674.477.2 United States life expectancy: 78.75.06.23.85.95.95.95.85.85.85.65.65.55.45.45.35.35.35.35.35.25.25.15.15.15.05.05.05.05.04.94.94.94.94.94.84.84.74.74.74.74.74.74.64.64.54.54.54.44.24.24.24.2 NOTE: The color key reflects the range of life expectancy at birth for both sexes for each area.SOURCE: National Cemter for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. 3.54.05.06.07.0 UtahWyomingMinnesotaWashingtonAlaskaOrego

6 nIdahoMontanaNebraskaKansasColoradoNew Y
nIdahoMontanaNebraskaKansasColoradoNew YorkVirginiaVermontNorth DakotaCaliforniaWisconsinMichiganIowaNew HampshireTexasMassachusettsGeorgiaIndianaSouth DakotaConnecticutRhode IslandNew JerseyUnited StatesIllinoisOklahomaTennesseeOhioNevadaArkansasNorth CarolinaMaineKentuckyPennsylvaniaMarylandMissouriFloridaArizonaWest VirginiaSouth CarolinaMississippiLouisianaDelawareAlabamaDistrict of ColumbiaHawaiiNew Mexico Difference in life expectancy at birth (years) Figure 2. Difference between male and female life expectancy at birth: Each state, the District of Columbia, and United States, 2018 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 Table B. Life expectancy at age 65, rank, and standard error, by sex: Each state, the District of Columbia, and United States, 2018TotalFemaleHawaii California Connecticut New York Colorado Minnesota Florida New Jersey Washington Vermont North Dakota Rhode Island United States New Hampshire Wisconsin Maryland Illinois Idaho Nebraska Alaska Delaware Pennsylvania Michigan Texas North Carolina Georgia Tennessee Arkansas West Virginia Kentucky … Category not applicable.NOTE: Life expectancies shown in this table are rounded, but rankings are based on unrounded life expectancies.SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Syste

7 m, Mortality. National Vital Statistics
m, Mortality. National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. United States life expectancy at 65 years: 19.519.8–21.119.4–19.718.8–19.317.5–18.7 ORCAAZAKHINMTXLAMSALGAOHFLARMOTNKYNEOKKSNVUTCOWAIDMTNDWYSDWIMIMENHMACTRINJDEVTNYPAWVVAMDNCSCINILMNIA DC Shryock HS, Siegel JS, Larmon EA. The methods and materials of demography, vol 2. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1971.Moriyama IM, Gustavus SO. Cohort mortality and survivorship: United States death-registration states, https://www.cdc.Preston SM, Heuveline P, Guillot M. Demography: 1939–1941. Public Health Service, National Office of Vital small-area life expectancy estimates project: Methodology and results summary. National Center for Health Statistics. Security area 1900–2100. Baltimore, MD: Social Security Administration, Office of the Chief Actuary. SSA Pub. No. https://www.cdc.Thatcher AR, Kannisto V, Vaupel JW. The force of mortality at ages 80 to 120. Odense, Denmark: Odense University Andreev KF, Bourbeau RR. Frailty modeling of Canadian and Chiang CL. The life table and its applications. Malabar, FL: Arias E, Curtin SC, Tejada-Vera B. U.S. decennial life tables Silcocks PB, Jenne

8 r DA, Reza R. Life expectancy as a summa
r DA, Reza R. Life expectancy as a summary of mortality in a population: Statistical National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021Technical Notesas those used to estimate the U.S. annual life tables, with two the application of the Beers’ smoothing technique to very small for ages 85–100 are not available, it was necessary to modify Data for calculating life table functionsThe data used to prepare the U.S. state life tables (Table Ithe Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Vital statistics datacollected from death certicates led in state vital statistics Census population dataThe population data used to estimate the life tables shown surveys/popest/datasets/2010-2018/state/asrh/sc-est2018-Medicare dataenrollees must have proof of age to enroll (7). However, the the small percentage of persons who enrolled at the start of the To estimate death rates for the state-specic Medicare le is created by CMS for the Social Security Administration counts (June 30, 2018) and calendar year Medicare death counts (January 1 through December 31, 2018). Age for both death and mid-year population counts is calculated as age at last birthday. Preliminary adjustment of the dataAdjustments for unknown ageAn adjustment is made to account for the small proportion of deaths each ye

9 ar for which age is not reported on the
ar for which age is not reported on the death certicate. The number of deaths in each age category is adjusted proportionally to account for those with not-stated age. An adjustment factor () is used to distribute deaths with nonstated ages. is calculated for the total population and by sex for each state and D.C. as:of deaths for which age is stated. is then applied by multiplying Interpolation of and to eliminate these anomalies and to derive a smooth curve by age. Beers’ ordinary minimized fth difference formula is used years, it was necessary to replace those counts using linear interpolation; otherwise, zero death counts would have resulted in the discontinuation of the age-specic mortality distribution. In a few other cases, application of Beers’ in zero or negative death counts due to very small numbers of Table IIlist of states and ages where linear interpolation was used). National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 Table I. Complete period life tables: 50 states and the District of Columbia, 2018Table title Life table for males: Illinois, 2018IL–3. Life table for females: Illinois, 2018IL–4. Standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancy: Illinois, 2018IN–1. Life table for the total population: Indiana, 2018IN–2. Life ta

10 ble for males: Indiana, 2018IN–3. L
ble for males: Indiana, 2018IN–3. Life table for females: Indiana, 2018IN–4. Standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancy: Indiana, 2018KS–1. Life table for the total population: Kansas, 2018KS–2. Life table for males: Kansas, 2018KS–3. Life table for females: Kansas, 2018KS–4. Standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancy: Kansas, 2018 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 Table I. Complete period life tables: 50 states and the District of Columbia, 2018Available from: Table titleLife table for the total population: Kentucky, 2018Life table for males: Kentucky, 2018Life table for females: Kentucky, 2018Standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancy: Kentucky, 2018Life table for the total population: Maryland, 2018Life table for males: Maryland, 2018Life table for females: Maryland, 2018Standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancy: Maryland, 2018Life table for the total population: New Jersey, 2018Life table for males: New Jersey, 2018Life table for females: New Jersey, 2018Standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancy: New Jersey, 2018 NV–2. Life table for males: Nevada, 2018NV–3. Life table for females: Nevada, 2018NV–4. Standard errors of the probability

11 of dying and life expectancy: Nevada, 2
of dying and life expectancy: Nevada, 2018 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 Table I. Complete period life tables: 50 states and the District of Columbia, 2018Available from: Table titleLife table for the total population: New York, 2018Life table for males: New York, 2018Life table for females: New York, 2018Standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancy: New York, 2018PA–1.PA–2.PA–3.PA–4.Life table for the total population: Tennessee, 2018Life table for males: Tennessee, 2018Life table for females: Tennessee, 2018Standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancy: Tennessee, 2018Life table for the total population: Texas, 2018Life table for males: Texas, 2018Life table for females: Texas, 2018Standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancy: Texas, 2018VA–1.VA–2.VA–3.VA–4.Life table for the total population: Vermont, 2018Life table for males: Vermont, 2018Life table for females: Vermont, 2018Standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancy: Vermont, 2018WA–1.Life table for the total population: Washington, 2018WA–2.Life table for males: Washington, 2018WA–3.Life table for females: Washington, 2018WA–4.Standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancy:

12 Washington, 2018Life table for the total
Washington, 2018Life table for the total population: West Virginia, 2018Life table for males: West Virginia, 2018Life table for females: West Virginia, 2018Standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancy: West Virginia, 2018 WY–2.Life table for males: Wyoming, 2018WY–3.Life table for females: Wyoming, 2018WY–4.Standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancy: Wyoming, 2018 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021Calculation of the probability of dying ( and is the number of person-years lived by the life table , to the age-specific probability of death, is the number of person-years lived in the age interval by members of the life table cohort who died in the interval. When the age interval is 1 year, except at infancy, words, deaths occur on average midway through the age interval. age-specific death rates of a current population observed for a specific calendar year, the life table death rate is equivalent to the observed death rate of the current population: is the Beers’ smoothed (or linearly interpolated) is the Beers’ Calculation of at age 0The higher mortality observed in infancy is associated with the age interval rather than in the middle. As a result, whenever ) defined as the proportion of infant deaths in year is estimat

13 ed by categorizing infant deaths by date
ed by categorizing infant deaths by date of birth. The Probabilities of dying at the oldest agesfollowing steps. First, vital statistics and Medicare death rates are blended in the age range 66–99. Second, a logistic model is a weighting process that gives gradually declining weight to is used exclusively. Due to the [2] [4] Table II. Application of linear interpolation for selected FemaleAlaska Delaware Hawaii Idaho .2…Indiana .11 …Iowa .33Maine . Nebraska New Hampshire North Dakota Rhode Island .…4South Dakota .…3Utah . Vermont West Virginia … Category not applicable.SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. [3] [5] National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 and show, while there are large vital statistics death rates are very similar to Medicare death rates for ages 85 and over. A logistic model proposed by Kannisto is then used to in the age-specific death rates peaks. In current times, the rate with one simple model without over smoothing and thus altering the underlying mortality pattern observed in the population of interest (10). Further, the observed data for the age range 65–85 or so is reliable and robust, as indicated by the very close is unnecessary to model (smooth) the entire age spa

14 n (65–100). The Kannisto model is a
n (65–100). The Kannisto model is a simple form of a logistic model in ) is a , the force of mortality (or the instantaneous death rate), is not directly observed but is closely approximated , and , then the logit of is modeled instead. A maximum-likelihood generalized linear model estimation procedure [7] [8] SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. Death rate 0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.456566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899Age (years) MedicareVital statisticsBlended Figure I. Age-specific vital statistics, Medicare, and blended death rates for the total population: United States, 2018 [6]208565 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. Death rate 0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.456566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899Age (years)MedicareVital statisticsBlended SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. Death rate 0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.456566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899Age (years) MedicareVital statisticsBlended Figure III. Age-specific vital statistics, Medicare

15 , and blended death rates for the female
, and blended death rates for the female population: United States, 2018Figure II. Age-specific vital statistics, Medicare, and blended death rates for the male population: United States, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 , respectively, given by fitting model [8].Finally, the predicted probability of death, , 85–120 is estimated by converting The probability of death is extrapolated to age 120 to estimate the life table population until no survivors remain. This is used to close the table with the age category 100 and over, values for the United States in 2018. The observed probabilities Mx[9] = = , or equivalently, qx Mx[10] Mx qx = Mx1 + 12 are predominantly the result of a very small number of deaths, consistent with very low mortality in this age range combined with very small populations in states such as Vermont, Wyoming, are consistent with the mortality pattern observed for the entire Calculation of remaining life table functions for all groups Survivor function (The life table radix, , is set at 100,000. For ages greater than 0, the number of survivors remaining at exact age Decrement function (calculated from the survivor function:vivor function:1]&#x/MCI; 31;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 31;&#x 000;lx = lx – 1 SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistic

16 s, National Vital Statistics System, Mor
s, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. –14–12–10102030405060708090100Age (years)Natural logarithm of probability of dyingStates and District of ColumbiaUnited States Figure IV. Probability of dying for the total population, by age: Each state, the District of Columbia, and National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. Age (years)Natural logarithm of probability of dyingStates and District of ColumbiaUnited States –14–12–10102030405060708090100 SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality. Age (years)Natural logarithm of probability of dyingStates and District of ColumbiaUnited States –14–12–10102030405060708090100 Figure V. Probability of dying for males, by age: Each state, the District of Columbia, and United States, 2018 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 Person-years lived (that the survivor function declines linearly between ages Finally, Person-years lived at and above age Life expectancy at age Variances and standard errors of the probability of dying and life expectancyreflect only random variation. While measurement errors such as age misreporting are known to affect

17 mortality estimates, they based on Chia
mortality estimates, they based on Chiang (11) with some necessary modifications due Var deaths from vital statistics data, smoothed by interpolation ages 66 and over, 1 [13]TxxLx[16] ex = T as a cohort population and calculated from because blended Standard error of Variances of the life expectancies for ages 0–99 years are estimated using Chiang’s equation:Var Var of survival and not on the probability of survival, and, therefore, Var Standard error of Var q Dx = qx Px1– 0.5qx [18] SE (qx ) Var (qx ) [19] [( &#x/MCI; 10;
00;&#x/MCI; 10;
00;&#x/MCI; 10; 00;&#x/MCI; 10; 00;&#x/MCI; 10;� 00;&#x/MCI; 10;� 00;Var I SE (ex ) = Var (ex ) FIRST CLASS MAILPOSTPOSTAGEAGE && FEESFEES PPAIDAID CDCCDC//NCHSNCHSPERMITPERMIT NONO.. GG--228844U.S. DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES3311 Toledo Road, Room 4551OFFICIAL BUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1, March 11, 2021 https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/nvsr.htm For e-mail updates on NCHS publication releases, subscribe online at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/email-updates.htmFor questions or general information about NCHS: Tel: 1–

18 ;800–CDC–INFO (1–800–
;800–CDC–INFO (1–800–232–4636) TTY: 1–888–232–6348 Internet: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs Online request form: https://www.cdc.gov/info Suggested citationArias E, Bastian B, Xu JQ, Tejada-Vera B. U.S. state life tables, 2018. National Vital Statistics Reports; vol 70 no 1. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:101128 National Center for Health Statistics Brian C. Moyer, Ph.D., DirectorAmy M. Branum, Ph.D., Acting Associate Director for ScienceDivision of Vital Statistics Steven Schwartz, Ph.D., DirectorIsabelle Horon, Dr.P.H., Acting Associate Director for Science Copyright informationAll material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated.SummaryTechnical NotesThe authors are grateful for the content review provided by Sherry L. Murphy, Mortality Statistics Branch (MSB). The authors thank Robert N. Anderson, MSB; The report was edited and produced by NCHS Office of Information Services, typesetting was done by Jiale Feng; and graphics were produced by Teresa U.S. DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES3311 Toledo Road, Room 4551OFFICIAL BUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300 National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 70, No. 1