Science Comparison with blood chemical B between humans and other vertebrates humans chimpanzee 0 chicken 11 Rhesus monkey 1 frog 17 mouse 8 lamprey 29 Challenge answer What organisms are most closely related to us ID: 1018708
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1. Year 10Lesson 19 – the theory of evolutionScience
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3. Comparison with blood chemical (‘B’) between humans and other vertebrates.humans-chimpanzee0chicken11Rhesus monkey1frog17mouse8lamprey29Challenge answerWhat organisms are most closely related to us? Chimpanzees, with no difference in blood chemical ‘B’ between them and humans. What organisms are we most distantly related to? Lamprey – with 29 differences. Describe any conflicting results when you compare this table and Chart A? There is no conflict, but the addition of the chimpanzee. Comparing biochemistry allows us to refine our knowledge about our relationships between species.
4. Learning intentionTo understand how the theory of evolution developed (even before the existence of all the scientific evidence we now have).
5. RecapSpeciation occurs through the processes of artificial and natural selection and can occur over hundreds of millions of years – or in an observable timeline of a few years. Fossil records of vestigial structures and homologous structures, combined with biogeography provides evidence for living creatures that developed from a common ancestor (through allopatric speciation). Embryology provides further evidence of vestigial structures and homologous structures – indicating common ancestors. Biochemical evidence comparing sequences of amino acids in common proteins can identify relationships between species and a common ancestor – and the relative ‘closeness’ of each species.
6. You will needA pen and paper or digital device to record your answers. The internet to access the links.
7. Learning through metaphorLearning through metaphor helps us to understand concepts that we might find otherwise challenging. It can also help us communicate nuances about complex ideas and theories. Scientific terms like ‘evolution’ and ‘fitness’ are also often used in ordinary vernacular, with less sophisticated meaning. This can cause the emergence of myths and misconceptions.
8. The evolution of the phoneSource: Evolution of Phones 1876 - 2020 on YouTube (Watch Media, 2020)For your safety, watch this video in the slideshow without accessing YouTube. Click to add textWatch this video on the evolution of the phone.
9. The evolution of the phoneYou have probably used the term ‘evolution’ in ordinary discussion with family or peers when discussing how ideas or concepts or technology has changed over time. What did you notice about the changes of telephones? The difference between the evolution of the phone and evolution in science is that the smart phone changed because of deliberate, considered decisions made each step of the way by designers and engineers who had a purpose.
10. Video: the theory of evolutionSource: Theory of Evolution: How did Darwin come up with it? - BBC News on YouTube (BBC News, 2019). For your safety, watch this video in the slideshow without accessing YouTube. Watch this video and identify the key points that outline how Darwin developed the theory of evolution. How did he collect evidence? What observations did he make? What hypotheses did he form? Who had ideas that inspired him?
11. The beginnings of a theory of evolutionCharles Darwin sailed for 5 years across countries collecting illustrations, live specimens and fossils. In South America, he connected examples of fossils with living relatives (the Sloth) and in the Galapagos Islands saw turtles with unique physical characteristics depending on their environment. He bred pigeons – so knew how artificial selection worked, but could not identify the mechanism of natural selection.
12. The beginnings of a theory of evolutionHe was inspired by other scientists: Thomas Malthus – Darwin realised that survival in the natural world was about reproduction (not a fight). Agreed to collaborate with Arthur Wallace. He theorised all life descended from a common ancestor, and diversified from there. His theory that humans are on the same level as all other animals was highly controversial, but over time, accepted.
13. Activity: myths and misconceptionsOn the next slide, watch a video about myths and misconceptions about the theory of evolution. Record your answers to these questions in your notes: Why is it not true that ‘organisms adapt’ to their environment? Why is ‘survival of the fittest’ a myth? Is it true that an organism that cannot reproduce is evolutionarily useless? What is ‘evolutionary purpose’?
14. Video: the theory of evolutionSource: Myths and misconceptions about evolution on YouTube (Alex Gendler, TED-Ed, 2013)For your safety, watch this video in the slideshow without accessing YouTube. Watch this video and record your answers to these questions in your notes: Why is it not true that ‘organisms adapt’ to their environment? Why is ‘survival of the fittest’ a myth? Is it true that an organism that cannot reproduce is evolutionarily useless? What is ‘evolutionary purpose’?
15. Video summary Why is it not true that ‘organisms adapt’ to their environment? Species evolve, not the individual. Why is ‘survival of the fittest’ a myth? Evolutionary fitness means how well suited an animal is to their environment. Evolution also occurs through reproduction, not survival. If a species reproduces, but then dies, it has not survived – but its offspring may carry its traits for generations to come.
16. Video summary Is it true that an organism that cannot reproduce is evolutionarily useless? No. Organisms are more likely to share genes with their relations. A gene which makes an animal work altruistically (even sacrifice itself) to help their relatives might have a better chance of being reproduced than a gene that results in self-preservation.
17. Video summary What is ‘evolutionary purpose’? A myth! Terms like ‘artificial selection’ are metaphors to help us learn. Anthropomorphising non-human ideas is non-scientific. There is also no plan to evolution; it proceeds step-by-step through a series of random mutations and generations of offspring.
18. SummaryThe theory of evolution developed over time, through the collection of scientific evidence and collaboration with (and building upon) other scientists’ work. Speciation occurs through the processes of artificial and natural selection and can occur over hundreds of millions of years – or in an observable timeline of a few years. Evidence of common ancestors exist through fossil records, embryology and biogeography. Vestigial structures and homologous structures are evidence at the physical level; evidence of shared biochemistry in amino acids and DNA are evidence at the genetic level.
19. Challenge Identify one reason why the theory of evolution challenged the existing values and beliefs of ordinary people – and other scientists: survival through reproductiona common ancestorevolutionary fitness.
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