The Skeletal System Bone Diseases, Disorders, & Injuries - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Skeletal System

Bone Diseases, Disorders, & Injuries

Slide2

Overview

Three divisions for our discussion

Types of fractures

Postural Deformities

Conditions and Diseases

Slide3

Fractures

Are cracks or breaks within the bone

They can result from extreme loads, sudden impacts, stresses from unusual directions and disease

The severity of a fracture depends upon its location and the damage done to the bone and tissue near

it

As

long as circulation is maintained and the periosteum survives, bone will

heal

There are several types of fractures within four categories

Slide4

Categories of Fractures

Displaced

:

fractures in which the broken surfaces of bone are forced from their normal positions

Various types of displaced fractures

Are classified by the angle and the strength of the blow

Non-displaced

: fractures in which the bone cracks either partially or completely but maintains its proper alignment

Open

: fractures in which the bone breaks through the skin

Closed

: fractures in which the bone breaks but there is no puncture or open wound through the skin

Slide5

Types of Fractures

A

Greenstick fracture

is an incomplete break or bending of the bone

Most common in children whose bones are still

flexible

A

transverse fracture

is when the broken piece of bone is at a right angle to the bone’s axis

Such fractures are usually stable and the broken surfaces are unlikely to move

A

comminuted fracture

results

from a direct impact shattering the bone into several fragments

Most common in traffic

accidents

Slide6

Types of Fractures

A

buckled fracture

is one whose ends are driven into each other.

As known as an impacted fracture

Commonly seen in arm fractures of children

An

oblique fracture

is when the break has a curved or sloped pattern

Spiral

fractures

happen when a sharp, twisting force breaks a bone diagonally across the

shaft

Compression

: fractures that occur when spongy bone is crushed

Slide7

Types of Fractures

Stress

: fractures caused by prolonged or repeated force straining the bone which develops a hairline

crack

A

p

athologic fracture

is caused by a disease that weakens the bones

Compound fractures

are a type of open fracture in which the bone protrudes through the skin

Slide8

Comminuted Fracture

Spiral Fracture

Transverse Fracture

Greenstick Fracture

Slide9

Scoliosis

Is a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty

The majority of cases are

idiopathic

, meaning that the cause is unknown

Although it appears to involve hereditary factors because the disorder tends to run in families

It is more prevalent in teenagers and females

Approximately 7 million people in United States

Slide10

Scoliosis

Slide11

Kyphosis

Is the curvature of the upper spine

Also called Hunchback or Humpback

It is a progressive spinal disorder that can affect children or adults

It can result from degenerative disease, developmental problems, osteoporosis, or trauma

Slide12

Kyphosis

Slide13

Lordosis

Is the excessive curvature of the spine in the lower back

Also called

swayback

This leads to excess pressure on the spine, causing pain

People with it have visible arch in their lower backs, with a “C” shape

It appears in childhood without any known cause

It can potentially result from poor posture, obesity, osteoporosis and achondroplasia

Slide14

Lordosis

Slide15

Osteoporosis

Is a disorder in which bones become weaker

and are

more likely to fracture

It is a silent

disease

It develops when the rate at which fibers, minerals, and cells are broken down is faster than the rate at which new tissue is formed

Risk factors include

: aging,

smoking, rheumatoid arthritis, being

small & thin, family history, certain medications, being a white or Asian woman,

overactive thyroid, or

having

osteopenia

(low bone mass)

Preventive measures include taking calcium and vitamin D in your early years in life

Slide16

Osteoporosis

Slide17

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Also known as

brittle bone disease

It is a genetic disorder in which bones break easily due to a defect in the gene for the production of collagen

It can also cause weak muscles, brittle teeth, a curved spine and hearing loss

There is no cure and treatments are limited to exercise, pain

medications,

physical therapy, wheelchairs,

braces,

and surgery

Slide18

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Slide19

Osteomyelitis

Is an infection of the bone or bone

marrow

It affects 2 out of every 10,000 people

Most commonly caused by the bacterium

Staphylococcus aureus

Generally affects young and elderly people, those with reduced immunity, and sickle-cell anemics

Treatment is prolonged antibiotic

therapy

Slide20

Osteomyelitis

Slide21

Osteonecrosis

Also known as aseptic necrosis, avascular necrosis, and ischemic necrosis

Literal translation means “

death of the bone

”

Happens when your bones lose their blood supply

It is most common in the upper leg, upper arm, knees, shoulders and ankles

Affects both men and women of any age

Cause of the disease is not known but risk factors include: long-term steroid use, alcohol abuse, joint injuries, and other diseases

Slide22

Osteonecrosis

Slide23

Paget’s Disease

Is also known as

Osteitis defomans

This disease causes

your

bones to grow larger and weaker than normal

It can also lead to other health problems such as, arthritis and hearing loss

It can be in any bone but it is most common in the spine, pelvis, skull, and legs

More men than women are affect by the disease and it is more common in

people over the age of 50

Its cause is unknown but it tends to run in families

It is treated with medicine and sometimes surgery

Slide24

Spina Bifida

Is a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord or the structures surrounding it

Spina bifida occurs at the end of the first month of pregnancy when the two sides of the embryo's spine fail to join together, leaving an open area

In some cases, the spinal cord or other membranes may push through this opening in the back

The condition usually is detected before a baby is born and treated right away

The causes of spina bifida are largely unknown

Incidence is 6 per 100,000 births

Slide25

Spina Bifida

Slide26

Disk Prolapse

Is also known as a

herniated or slipped disk

It is the protrusion from one of the shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae

It happens when the outer layer of the cartilage disk ruptures causing some of the core material to bulge out

It can be caused by an accident, normal wear and

tear with aging,

or excessive pressure from awkward lifting

Slide27

Disk Prolapse

Slide28

Bunions

Consists of inflamed, thickened soft tissue and bony outgrowths at the base of the big toeIt is usually caused by hallux valgus, in which the big toe bends in toward the other toesIt is more common in women and runs in familiesWhen severe, it can be corrected with surgery

Slide29

Bone Spurs

A

re

bony projections that develop along the edges of

bones

Also known as

osteophytes

, they often

form

in

your

joints

Common

locations for bone spurs are in

the

heel bone of the foot, around joints that have degenerated cartilage, and in the spine adjacent to degenerated

discs

The

main cause of bone spurs is the joint damage associated with

osteoarthritis or inflammation

Most

bone spurs cause no

If treatment is required, then over-the counter painkillers are used or in more severe cases surgical

removal.

Slide30

Bone Spurs

Slide31

Bursitis

Is the inflammation of the bursa

, which is the cushioning pad at or near a joint

It causes pain, redness, and swelling

Prolonged or repeated pressure, or sudden excessive stress at a joint can cause it

Risk

factors include: rheumatoid arthritis, gout, previous joint injury, or repetitive motion of a joint

Treatments include: rest, anti-inflammatory drugs, draining excess synovial fluid, and corticosteroids

Slide32

Shoulder Bursitis

Slide33

Arthritis

Is inflammation of the joints

Three

main types

:

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Slide34

Osteoarthritis

Also called

degenerative joint disease

Is the most common form of arthritis

The disease breaks down cartilage in your joints, causing your bones to rub together, damaging the joint and causing

pain

Over time, the joint experiences restricted movement

It is usually localized to 1 joint

Risk factors include: being overweight, aging, and joint

injuries

It is most common in people over the age of 60

Slide35

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Also known as RA

Causes pain, swelling, stiffness and loss of function in your joints

It is more common in women

than

men and it starts between the ages of 25 and 55

Symptoms can come and go or last a lifetime

It is an

autoimmune

disease

,

which means it results from your own immune system attacking your body’s tissues

Its cause

is believed to be a combination of genetics and environmental

influences

Treatment includes: anti-inflammatory drugs and immunity-suppressing drugs

Slide36

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Also known as JRA, Still’s disease, & childhood arthritis

Happens in children age 16 or younger

Symptoms come and go in flare-ups

It is an autoimmune disorder that can go

into remission

or remain for a lifetime (becoming RA)

It can also cause growth problems in children

Slide37

osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis

Slide38

Bone Cancer

Two main types of bone cancer:

Primary cancer

which originates within a bone

Secondary cancer

which originates somewhere else in the body and spreads (metastases) to bone

Surgery, amputation, chemotherapy and radiation are the common treatments

Slide39

Primary Bone Cancer

Is very rare

It is most likely to occur in children and adolescents

Osteosarcoma

: is primary bone cancer that happens

in growing bones between ages 10 and

25

It affects the long bones of the body

Chrondrosarcoma

: is primary bone cancer that starts

in

the cartilage

It usually happens after

age

50

It affects the pelvis, ribs and breastbone

Slide40

Secondary Bone Cancer

Is more frequent than primary bone cancer

It is usually the result of cancer cells spreading from a primary tumor elsewhere in the body

It is more likely to occur in older people

Cancers in the breast, lung, thyroid, kidney, and prostate most often lead to secondary bone cancer

One type of secondary bone cancer:

Ewing’s sarcoma

: begins

in

the nerve

tissue

within

the bone marrow of young people after treatment with radiation or

chemotherapy for other cancers