A place for Jews and Arabs I Forming the Israeli State Knesset Israels parliament system Prime Minister head of government First was David BenGurion Current Prime Minister is Benjamin Netanyahu ID: 235692
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Slide1
The Struggle for Palestine
A place for Jews and ArabsSlide2
I.
Forming the Israeli StateKnesset
: Israel’s parliament systemPrime Minister: head of
government
First was David Ben-Gurion. Current Prime Minister is Benjamin Netanyahu
Citizenship: any Jew could become a full citizen
Palestinians: over 80% fled the territory that became Israel and became refugees
Most that remained received Israeli citizenship but were not treated equally
Only Jordan offered its Palestinian refugees citizenshipSlide3
Conscription: every Jewish citizen must serve in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) including both men (3 years) and women (2 years)
Some exceptions including for religious reasonsOptional for Arab citizens
Military Aid: Israel dependent upon foreign aidFrance was the first major supplier of arms
Helped Israel build its first nuclear power plant in 1950s
U.S. is giving over $3 billion in aid in 2012Slide4
II. Egypt
Egyptian king was overthrown in 1952
Gamal Abdel Nasser
became the president in
1954
Britain
agreed to withdraw from Suez Canal
in June 1956 and turn control over to Egypt
British could intervene if Egypt were attacked by a third party
U.S. tried to influence Egypt by offering to help finance the building of the Aswan Dam on Nile RiverUS revoked its offer after Egypt recognized Communist ChinaSoviets became the primary arms supplier to NasserSlide5
III. Suez Crisis
1956Egypt took the Suez Canal in June 1956Blocked Israeli shipping and closed Gulf of Aqaba
Britain wanted to keep Nasser in checkBritain formed a coalition with France and Israel in August 1956France was angered
at Nasser’s support of rebels in
Algeria (French colony)
Israel agreed to invade Sinai, then Britain and France would intervene to secure Suez Canal
Assault planned during the U.S. presidential raceSlide6
Israeli paratroopers landed in Sinai
in late October 1956Small contingent at first to test British/French commitmentBritain and France announced their forces would intervene in EgyptNasser refused to move his troops from the Canal
Israeli tanks advanced in Sinai; British/French bombed Egypt’s airbasesNov. 5 – British/French
landed in Egypt
Nov. 6 – British and French signed ceasefires because of intense U.S.
and international pressure
U.S. feared that Soviets would intervene with rocket attacks
WarSlide7
Results
France and Britain lost their reputation in Middle East and their standing as world powersBritish Prime Minister forced to resign
UN peacekeeping forces were placed along Egypt-Israel borderIsrael demonstrated its military ability and strengthSoviets
continued to support Egypt
U.S.
became the big financer of Israel
U.S. pressured Israel to withdraw from Gaza and Sinai in 1957
Nasser became the hero of the
Arabs and main Arab leaderSlide8
IV. Six Day War
1967Israel repeatedly retaliated against Jordan and, primarily, Syria for Palestinian cross-border raidsEgypt and Syria signed a joint-defense
pact (will aid each other if one of them is attacked)May 1967 – Nasser demanded UN troops evacuate Sinai and GazaEgyptian troops mobilized into Sinai
May 22 – Nasser closed Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli
shipping at Straits of Tiran
In addition, his “destroy Israel”
rhetoric
was seen as another act of aggressionSlide9
Preemptive Strike!
June 5 (7:45 AM)- Israel launched a preemptive strike against Egyptian air force Egyptian air force virtually destroyed
Israeli tanks invade Sinai later that afternoonHearing falsely that Egypt had destroyed Israeli forces, Jordan and Syria began to bombard Israeli positionsAfternoon – Israeli jets attack Syrian, Iraqi, and Jordanian air bases
Israel announced losing 26 aircraft, while destroying 416 Arab aircraft
IDF jetsSlide10
War with Jordan: Jerusalem and the West Bank
June 6 - Israelis captured all of Jerusalem and dug inIncluding Western Wall and Temple Mount
June 7 - King Hussein of Jordan (fearing Israeli air superiority) moved his troops across Jordan RiverIDF seized all of the West Bank
That evening UN initiates cease-fire between the two nations
“First, the Israeli government had no intention of capturing the West Bank. On the contrary, it was opposed to it. Second, there was not any provocation on the part of the IDF. Third, the rein was only loosened when a real threat to Jerusalem's security emerged. This is truly how things happened on June 5, although it is difficult to believe. The end result was something that no one had planned.”
- Intelligence Officer NarkisSlide11
War with Egypt:
SinaiIDF tanks raced across Sinai with total air supportAriel Sharon (future PM) commanded IDF armored division
Israeli navy secured Gulf of AqabaJune 8 – Israel captured Suez CanalIDF halts their advance
IDF in SinaiSlide12
War with Syria: Golan Heights
June 9 – Israeli troops assault Golan HeightsMost intense fightingJune 10 – Israel-Syria cease-fire signed ending fighting Slide13
Results
Casualties:800 Israelis killed6,000-10,000 Arabs killedIsrael’s borders increased by nearly 4 times!Occupied West Bank, Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, and Sinai Peninsula
Launched a Jewish settlement program in the West Bank and Gaza Strip to solidify their hold on the territoriesOver 1 million Arabs in the territories
Arab states are
humbled by the loss
Nasser lost popularity
New wave of Palestinian refugees
Over 300,000 Palestinians
flee into Jordan from West BankSlide14Slide15
V. Palestinian Liberation
Arab countries created Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
in 1964 1967 –
Jordan’s population almost had more
Palestinians than Jordanians
1968 – Yasser Arafat rises as leader of the PLO
Tries to create a “state” within Jordan
In September 1970, the PLO
tried but failed
to assassinate King HusseinHussein militarily expelled the PLO and thousands of PalestiniansPalestinians called this Black SeptemberPLO will settle in Lebanon In 1975 a civil war is triggered because of the influx of Sunni PalestiniansSlide16
King Hussein
Yasser ArafatSlide17
1972 – Palestinian terrorists take hostage 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics
All hostages were killed plus 5 of the terrorists1976 – 2 Palestinians and 2 Germans hijacked a flight originating from Tel AvivUganda offered safety for hijacked jet
4 more Palestinians joined hijackersNon-Jewish hostages were released
Operation Entebbe: Israeli commandos rescued hostages and killed hijackers in secret raid on airport (July 4, 1976)
3 hostages killed
“When I was a kid, my father used to say 'Our greatest hopes and our worst fears are seldom realized.' Our worst fears have been realized tonight. They’ve now said that there were eleven hostages. Two were killed in their rooms yesterday morning, nine were killed at the airport tonight. They’re all gone.
”
- Jim McKay ABC News
Idi Amin addresses the United NationsSlide18
VI. Yom Kippur War
1973 WarAnwar Sadat became Egypt’s president after Nasser died in 1970
Israel became overconfident and ignored Arab strength after Six Day WarSyria and Egypt wanted to regain land lost in 1967
An Arab surprise attack began on the Jewish holiday Yom Kippur when most Jews are fasting and on holiday
October 6, 1973 – Egyptian forces attack IDF across Suez Canal
Egyptians pushed through Israel’s defenses
Syrian tanks push into the Golan Heights
Largest tank battles since WWII
Soviet Union airdropped supplies to Egypt
IDF ran low on ammunition in SinaiU.S. aircraft carrier offloaded suppliesSlide19
In Mid-October, IDF turned the course of the battle and retook Suez Canal and Golan Heights
IDF tanks were 40 km from Damascus and 100 km from CairoSoviets threatened to intervene if U.S. did not stop Israeli offensiveNuclear alert! Threat of nuclear weapons by both sidesOctober 24 – ceasefire was declaredSlide20
Results
Israel won the war, but was in dismay!2,838 Israelis killedRealized that Israel was not invincibleArabs proved they had the will to fight and could coordinate an attack with multiple states
Golda Meir - Israel’s “Iron Lady” in 1973
Anwar Sadat - Egypt’s President in 1973Slide21
VII. Camp David Accords
(1978)President Jimmy Carter mediated peace between Egypt’s Anwar Sadat and Israel’s
Menachem Begin at Camp DavidBegin had planned Irgun’s
attack on King David Hotel
Egypt became first Arab state to make peace with Israel
Sinai Peninsula returned to Egypt
This establishes an Israeli “land for peace” precedent
Israel
was guaranteed
safe passage of its ships through Suez CanalU.S. promised aid to both countriesEgypt continues to receive around $1.3 billion per year in aid to keep the accordsSadat assassinated in 1981 by Muslim Brotherhood
Prime Minister Begin
Begin. Carter, SadatSlide22
VIII. Lebanon
(1982-1985)1975 – Civil war erupted in LebanonDruze
(Arab sect) and Christian militias clashAnger over the “status quo” under the Christian-led
government
Israelis viewed PLO and Syrian presence in Lebanon as a threat
1982 - IDF invaded southern Lebanon
Goal: secure
a 25
mile security zone
Israelis pushed all the way to BeirutPLO was forced to evacuate BeirutSlide23
Sabra
and Shatila massacres enraged Muslims worldwideIDF surrounded the Sabra and Shatila Palestinian refugee camps while the Christian Lebanese
Phalangist militia went in and killed hundreds in retaliation for the killing of the Lebanese presidentIsraelis accepted indirect
responsibility
Future Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon was Defense Minister and helped organize the massacres
Sabra and Shatila MassacreSlide24
1983 - 220
U.S. Marines killed by a car bomb at their barracks in Beirut1985 – Israel withdrew and held small “security zone” in southern LebanonShiite militant groups formed to fight
the Israeli occupation Iran sponsored Hezbollah
War was unpopular in Israel
Expensive and over
600
killed
Lebanese government remained weak and unstable
Menachem
Begin forced to resignSlide25
IX.
First Intifada(1987 – 1991)
Intifada means “shaking off” or “uprising”1985 - Israel launches its “Iron Fist” policy at Palestinians
Israelis
were increasingly encouraged
to “settle” the West Bank and Gaza Strip
1987 - Palestinians rise up against Israel
This was not led by PLO, it was a spontaneous movement
Palestinian youths challenged Israel through stones and boycotts
1988 - Arafat renounced terrorismIntifada “shaking off”Slide26
Israel responded with brutal suppression
Over 800 Palestinians killed by mid-1990 (25% were under 16 yrs.)Around 1100 Palestinians killed by other Palestinians for collaborating with Israel
Palestinians gained worldwide attention and sympathyUN voted to condemn Israel’s actions 130-2 (Israel and U.S. voted against)
30,000 Israelis protested Israel’s methods in Tel Aviv
Hamas, a political and militant Palestinian Islamic liberation group, began during the First Intifada
Intifada
“shaking off”Slide27Slide28
X. Peace Process
Madrid Peace ConferenceThe First Intifada brought about a need to find a peaceful solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
1991 - Madrid Peace ConferenceFirst time Israel met with Palestinians
But Israel refused to meet with PLO leadership
This
brought an
end to
the First
Intifada
Representatives at MadridSlide29
Oslo Accords
1993 - Oslo AccordsFirst time Israel met with PLOIsrael agreed to evacuate from some of the Gaza Strip and West Bank and begin to give some autonomy to the Palestinian
Authority (created to administer those areas)President Clinton oversaw the signing Yitzhak Rabin
(Israeli PM) and
Yasser Arafat
(PLO Chairman) won
the Nobel Peace Prize
Both
Israelis and Palestinians were divided on the accords
Some believed Arafat “sold out” to IsraelHamas refused to recognize accordsKnesset passed accords by a small majoritySlide30
The Future Looks Peaceful
1994 – Arafat arrives in Gaza to become the president of the Palestinian Authority1994 – Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty
Jordan becomes Israel’s second neighbor to make peaceRabin was assassinated in 1995 by a Zionist
A handshake between King Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin, accompanied by Bill Clinton, during the Israel-Jordan peace negotiations, October 26, 1994Slide31
XI. Second
Intifada(Sep. 2000 – Feb. 2005)
July 2000 – Middle East Peace Summit failsArafat and Prime Minister Ehud Barak fail to reach agreement over Jerusalem and Temple Mount
September 2000 - Ariel Sharon
(then a PM candidate) visits
Temple Mount
Palestinian riot breaks out
Sharon’s visit was 10 days after the memorial of
Sabra
and Shatila (Sharon was defense minister then)Violence spreads with suicide attacks in Israeli neighborhoods and Israeli airstrikes against PalestiniansSharon visits Temple Mount September 28, 2000Slide32
Confiscated weapons from an Iranian vessel
(intended for Palestinians)In 2001, Sharon was elected Prime MinisterSharon is a hardliner on Palestinians
Sharon takes security power from the Palestinian AuthoritySuicide bombings inside Israel increased in 2002 and 2003Palestinian Authority was divided over Israeli occupation
Arafat sought peaceful solution
Hamas sought violent means
One of the lynchers of two Israeli soldiers, waves his blood-stained hands from the window
Palestinians youths take cover in a crossfire Slide33
2004 – Israel began building a wall to secure its territory from Palestinian attacks
This barrier separates Palestinians in the West Bank from IsraelNov. 11, 2004 – Yasser Arafat diedMahmoud Abbas
replaced Arafat as president of Palestinian AuthorityFebruary 2005 - Sharon began initiative to unilaterally withdraw Israeli forces from the Gaza Strip This will “end”
the Second
Intifada
The barrier between Abu Dis and JerusalemSlide34
Mahmoud AbbasSlide35
Results
Positive impact for Palestinians:Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip
Ruined Israeli dream of a “Greater Israel”Negative
impact
for Palestinians:
Murdered the peace process
Pushed both Israelis and Palestinians to elect hardliner governments (
Hamas(Palestinian), Likud (Israel))
Abbas meets with U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert.
Mahmoud Abbas meets with President George Bush and Ariel Sharon. Slide36
XII. Gaza Withdrawal
(2005)By September 2005, Israel had disengaged from the Gaza Strip
Approximately 7000 Jewish settlers were forced to leaveSettlements were destroyed
Many Israelis protested the disengagement
Benjamin Netanyahu
resigned as Finance Minister in protest
Children distribute orange ribbons, representative of the anti-disengagement movement, to cars passing by on Monday, 27 June 2005, at the entrance to Jerusalem.
Slide37
XIII. Second Lebanon War
(July 2006)July 12 – Hezbollah launched diversionary rocket attacks and sent ground troops across border
2 Israeli soldiers were captured to be used for a prisoner exchange
Israel said it was an “act of war” because Hezbollah had two members in Lebanon’s parliament
Israel responded with air strikes
Hezbollah continued to fire rockets into Israel
Around 4,000 total rockets fired
Israeli ground troops entered Southern Lebanon
August
13, 2006 - ceasefire signed U.S. accused of delaying a ceasefireIDF lost 121 soldiers, Hezbollah lost around 500Hezbollah remains in Lebanon and is a threat to Israel’s northSlide38
Israeli cities hit by Hezbollah rocketsSlide39
Areas in Lebanon targeted by Israeli bombing, 12 July to 13 August 2006. Slide40
XIV. Gaza Conflict
(Dec. 2008 – Jan. 2009)Hamas won Palestinian elections in 2006
December 19, 2008 – six month truce with Israel expiredIsrael and Hamas could not agree to extend truce
Hamas began firing rockets into Israel
Israeli airstrikes in Gaza commenced
IDF ground troops entered
Gaza on January
3
January
18 – Israel begins ceasefireIsraeli troops pulled out of GazaHamas rocket attacks continued throughout FebruaryIsrael responded with airstrikesDamage in Gaza City
(above)
Damage in Beersheba kindergarten
(below)Slide41
Results
Gaza Strip suffered nearly $2 billion in damagesOver 1000 civilian Palestinians were killedRocket attacks have continued but at much lower rates
2009 Israeli elections resulted in Benjamin Netanyahu elected as Prime
Minister
International pressure has mounted on Israel to find a solution to the conflict with the Palestinians
President Obama has called for an end to the growth of settlements in the West Bank and a resumption of the peace process