Bioremediation Chapter 9 Bioremediation - PowerPoint Presentation

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Bioremediation

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Chapter 9 Bioremediation

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Bioremediation

Bioremediation

The

use of biological agents, such as bacteria or plants, to remove or neutralize contaminants, as in polluted soil or water

.

Any processes that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition.

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..Bioremediation

Each year, industrial residues, domestic waste and agricultural run-offs contaminate water, soil and air.

The U.S. spends millions of dollars to clean contaminants, prevent further pollution, and restore the site to its natural vegetative state.

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..Bioremediation

Bioremediation is used to clean up environmental hazards cause by industrial toxic waste.

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…Bioremediation

The contaminants are metabolized and transformed into harmless organic and inorganic molecules:

nitrogen, carbon dioxide and salts.

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Types of Bioremediation

In-Situ

&

Ex-Situ

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In-Situ Bioremediation

In-situ

bioremediation- clean up of chemicals at the contaminated site

Ex-situ

bioremediation- removal of chemicals from the contaminated site to another location for

treatment

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….In Situ Bioremediation

The

Exxon Valdez

oil spill

occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989.

T

he

Exxon Valdez

, an oil tanker bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef and spilled 260,000 to 750,000 barrels (41,000 to 119,000 m

3) of crude oil.It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters

.

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..In-Situ Bioremediation

The

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), used

Pseudomonas

developed

by

Ananda

Chakrabarty

to degrade components in crude oil.

Exxon Valdez oil Spill

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..In Situ Bioremediation

The

Deepwater Horizon

oil spill

( BP oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, the BP oil disaster or the

Macondo

blowout), an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico which flowed for three months in 2010.

It is the

largest accidental marine oil spill

in the history of the petroleum industry.

Scientist believes that that natural bacteria will slowly degrade the toxic waste.

When the influx of oil from the Deepwater Horizon leak began, it is likely bacteria began consuming and reproducing rapidly, breaking down oil into byproducts such as carbon dioxide, water and other biomass.

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…BP oil spill

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..In Situ- NEWS & VIEWS

Crude Oil Spill, Bemidji, Minnesota

Exxon Oil spill, 1989

Pesticides, San Francisco, Bay Estuary

Oil release by Kuwait, 1991

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Ex-Situ Bioremediation

Ex-Situ

bioremediation requires that the contaminated soil or water be physically removed before treatment

.

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..Ex Situ Bioremediation

Removal of contaminants at different location taken from the contaminated site

More expensive and damaging to the area

More difficult compare to In-situ bioremediation

Examples:

Sewage

Treatment

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..Ex-situ

and

In-situ

Bioremediation

of Groundwater

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Phytoremediation

A new and growing type of bioremediation is

phytoremediation

.

Phytoremediation

is the

depolluting

of contaminated soil, water or air using plants.

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….Phytoremediation-natures way

It is use of plants to clean up potentially damaging spills.

The plants work with soil organisms to transform contaminants, such as heavy metals and toxic organic compounds, into harmless or valuable forms.

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Phytoremediation-natures way

Examples:

Cottonwood

, poplar trees and Alpine pennycress have been used extensively to leach heavy metals.

Used by:

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Department of Energy (

DoE

)

EPA

Alpine pennycress is used by the USDA to remove heavy metals such as zinc and cadmium.

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…Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation’s

most publicize appearance came during the

Chernobyl nuclear waste

cleanup in the Ukraine

.

Sunflower plants were planted to remove and degrade radioactive cesium and strontium.

http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jIj3ZyLIOY-pLjO7m6Z_Llr7x1nQ?docId=29c8cbbf334a420a9584c45a2f05298c

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..

…

Phytoremediation

:

GM crop

Arabidopsis

thaliana

,

a plant in the mustard family, has

two

bacterial genes added to its genome in order for the plant to remove arsenic from the soil. The first gene converts the arsenic to a form the plant can suck up and the second allows the plant to detoxify heavy metals and accumulate them in its leaves

.

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Microbes-natures way

Polaromonas

naphthalenivorans

, breaks down naphthalene in coal tar. Found in Upstate New York and identified by the use of DNA finger printing.

Geobacter

sulfurreducens

, part of a family of bacterium that degrade metals.

G.

sulfurreducens

degrades uranium while

G.

metallireducens degrades both uranium and plutonium.G.

metallireducens has genes that allow it to grow flagella and “sniff out” metals if none are available in its location.

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…Microbes: GM

Thermus

brockianus

,

produces a protein that breaks down hydrogen

peroxide

.

This protein can be added directly to industrial waste water to treat the water before it is released

.

Hydrocarbon-degrading Pseudomonas strains were transformed with an

E. coli pro U operon which improved the ability to grow under hyper-saline conditions allowing improved bioremediation in marine environments.

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Techniques used for Bioremediation

Monitored Natural way:

use of pants & microbes)

Bioaugmentation

:

is the introduction of a group of natural microbial strains or a genetically engineered variant to treat contaminated soil or water.

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..Techniques used for Bioremediation:

Biostimulation

Biostimulation

-

involves the modification of the environment to stimulate existing bacteria capable of bioremediation.

This can be done by addition of various forms of rate limiting nutrients and electron acceptors such as phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon

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..Techniques used for Bioremediation

Biobarriers

:

Acid

rock drainage from hard rock mine lands is a major environmental problem that

impacts both

ground- and surface water throughout the Western US

.

N

aturally

occurring aerobic and facultative bacteria which utilize dissolved oxygen in

the infiltrating water and therefore maintain the reducing conditions which are necessary for pyrite (an iron sulfide) and

other metal sulfides to remain bound in mineral form in water.

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..Techniques used for Bioremediation

Mycoremediation

:

Fungal Remediation

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References

William J., and Michael A.

Pallandino

.

Introduction to Biotechnology

. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc., 20007

“

Biobarriers and Bioremediation Collection.”

Montana State University Center for Biofilm Engineering.

9 Apr. 2009, <http://www.erc.montana.edu/Res-Lib99-SW/Image_Library/Bioremediation/default.htm>

“Bioremediation of metals and radionuclides.” 2

nd Ed. Berkley Lab. 11 Apr. 2009. <http://esd.lbl.gov/research/projects/ersp/generalinfo/primers_guides/03_NABIR_primer.pdf>“Recent Developments for In Situ Treatment of Metal Contaminated Soils.”

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 9 Apr. 2009. <http://www.epa.gov/swertio1/download/remed/metals2.pdf>“Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide.” Ver. 4.0. Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable. 9 Apr. 2009 <http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/top_page.html>Singh, Harbhajan. Mycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation. United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006

“Wet Soil Mixing.” Keller Ground Engineering. 10 Apr. 2009. <http://www.keller-ge.co.uk/engineering/products/product-details/WetSoilMixing.html?ContentID=8>

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“

Phytoremediation

: Using Plants To Clean Up Soils.” June 2000.

United States Department of Agriculture

. 18 Oct. 2007.

http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jun00/soil0600.htm

“Sewage Treatment.”

Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia

. 19 Oct. 2007.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment

Kris

Traver, Niana Islam And Edwin Estime 2007 Biotech group for power point creativity editing.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. “Emergency Preparedness and Response: Bioterrorism” <http://www.bt.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/overview.asp>2007http://www.hindustantimes.com/Small-wonders/Article1-623814.aspx

http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1945110/the_murky_picture_beneath_the_surface/

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..Relax 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bju4C5GxeQs&feature=related