The - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The

FEMALE

REPRODUCTIVE

PhysiologySlide2

Parts and their function

Physiological Stages

Female CyclesMenstrual Cycle/ Endometral CycleOvarian CycleCopulationConceptionBirth ControlsContraceptivesSterilizationDeliveryLactationDiseases

TOPICSSlide3

Parts and Function

Primary Sex Organ

Ovaries Ova (ovum) female gameteFemale sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

Ovaries

Estrogen:

-

stimulates uterine

growth

2° female characteristic

Regulated by FSH and

LH from pituitary

Progesterone:

- stimulates uterine

growth

Regulated by FSH and

LH from pituitarySlide4

Secondary Sex Organs

Fallopian tube (uterine tube or oviduct) –

narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and is the site of fertilization. - cilia lining the tube and uterine peristalsis propel the egg towards the uterus.Fimbriea – funnel shaped structure at the terminal end. - catches egg release during ovulation and carry oocyte towards fallopian tube. Uterus (womb)– site of implantation and fetal development.Perimetrium

- a strong, serous membrane that coats the entire uterine corpus except the lower one fourth and anterior surface where the bladder is attached.Myometrium

- smooth muscle component of the wall.

Endometrium

- inner layer or mucosa.

Fallopian Tubes

Uterus

Cervix

Vagina

Fimbriae

Fimbriae

Cervix

–

connects uterus and vagina that secretes cervical mucus.

- mucus is clear and runny (conducive for sperm) during ovulation.

- mucus gets thick and pasty (block sperm) at post ovulation.

- cervical mucus form plug to seal off the uterus protecting the developing baby when woman got pregnant .

Vagina

–

thin

walled chamber that serves as

copulatory

organ.

- (birth canal) has fold that will expand during delivery.Slide5

Secondary Sex Organs

Vulva

– collective term for external genitalia.Mons Pubis –fatty prominence underlying the pubic hair.Clitoris – penis counterpart that contains shaft of erectile tissue and covered with pea shaped gland; sexually sensitive organ (contains sexual receptors).Labia majora (labium majus) – hair-covered fold of the vulva.Labia minora (labium minus)small folds beneath the labia

Minora

.

Vestibule – cleft between labia

minora

containing the orifice of

the vagina and urethra.

Slide6

Neonatal period:

birth to 4 weeks

Childhood: 4 weeks to 12 yearsPuberty: 12 years to 18 yearsSexual maturation: 18 year to 50 yearPerimenopause: decline of ovarian function (40 years) to 1 year postmenopausePostmenopause

*Menopause happens when ovaries lose response to FSH and LH

Physiological StagesSlide7

Female Cycles

Menstrual Cycle or

Endometral CycleOvarian CycleSlide8

Menstrual Cycle or

Endometral

Cyclemenses

Ovaries

Uterus

Proliferative Phase

Secretory

Phase

All hormones

estrogen

LH surge

progesterone

ovulation

follicles = estrogen

Corpus

Luteum

= LH = progesterone

Menstru

means "monthly“

- a woman’s body prepares for a potential pregnancy, whether or not that is the woman’s intention. Slide9

Ovarian

Cycle

FSHLH LH

ESTROGEN

Hypothalamus

Positive feedback

GnRH

Pituitary

Hypothalmus

Pituitary

Negative feedback

ESTROGEN

LH surge

GnRHSlide10

Fertilization and Implantation Occur

No Fertilization

Developing placenta HCG Corpus

Luteum maintained until placenta starts to secrete Progesterone and estrogen

Progesterone

Anterior Pituitary

(negative feedback )

LH

Corpus

Luteum

degenerate

(Corpus

Albicans

)Slide11

)s

(Low level of hormones)

HYPOTHALAMUS FSHPituitaryNo Fertilization

And the whole cycle repeats !

GnRH

Causes mood swing and other premenstrual syndrome

(PMS)!Slide12

Illustrative Summary

Ovarian Cycle

Female’s body temperature during the cycles Hormonal Control of the Cycles Menstrual Cycle /Endometral Cycle animationSlide13

Four phases of Sexual Response Cycle

1.

Excitement Phase – prepare the vagina for coitus. There is vasoconstriction because of the increase blood flow in the arteries and constriction of the veins filling the erectile tissues of the clitoris, some part of ovaries and female labia the nipples also become erect.Myotonia- increase muscle tension causing erection of the nipples; tension in the arm, legs, and other skeletal muscles; and sustained or rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle.CopulationSlide14

2. Plateau Phase –

the outer third of the vagina becomes

vasoconstricted, while the inner two thirds becomes slightly expanded, and the uterus becomes elevated; all in preparation for receiving sperm. - there is increase heart rate and breathing due to the stimulation from the autonomic (symphatetic) nervous system and not by physical activity! Slide15

3. Orgasm –

the rhythmic and involuntary contractions of the reproductive organs.

orgasm in females involves the uterus and outer vagina but not the upper two thirds of the vagina.females are harder to stimulate and reach orgasm.Note: females do not have refractory period hence they have multiple orgasms and once aroused are often not raedy to quit.Slide16

4. Resolution Phase –

the return to normal.

- vasoconstriction returns normal. - muscle relax.Slide17

Start of new life

conception

Fertilization – union of egg cell and sperm cell in the uterine tube (oviduct).Implantation – attachment or implantation of the blastocyst on the uterine wall (wall of uterus).Fetal development Slide18

Ectopic pregnancy – any pregnancy that occur outside the uterus.Slide19

Birth Control Method

Contraceptives

- artificial CondomDiaphragmCervical capHormonal implants - naturalTemperature methodMucus methodCalendar methodSlide20

Birth Control Method

Sterilization

Tubal ligation – removal of fallopian tubeHysterectomy – removal of the ovarySlide21

Delivery

1.

Dilation of the cervix – last from onset of labor until the cervix reaches its full diameter of about 10cm and is the longest stage (6-12 hr. or longer).2. Expulsion stage - (20min to 1 hr.) from full dilation to full delivery. - strong contraction about 1 min each occur every 2-3 min. and the mother feels an increasing urge to push until the baby is force down into the vagina and out.3. Delivery of the placenta – occurs within 15 min. of the delivery of the baby.Slide22

lactation

ANATOMY OF THE BREAST

Lobules or milk ducts – produces milk.Areola - colored skin surrounding the nipple.Nipple – where the milk emanates.Lactiferous Ducts – connect milk gland to the nippleSubcutaneous fat and Cooper's ligaments - connective tissues Breast is a mass of glandular, fatty, and fibrous tissues positioned over the pectoral muscles of the chest wall and attached into it by fibrous strands which contains milk glands that secrete milk and hence used by mammals in feeding their infants (breastfeeding). -apocrine

glandSlide23

Milk Ejection Reflex

The

Prolactin Reflex 1. (Long arrow) Nerve impulses from sucking go to brain 2. (Short arrow) The pituitary gland releases

prolactin into the blood

3. (Breast) This causes the alveolar cells to secrete milk and swells the alveoli

The Milk Ejection Reflex

1. (Long arrow) Nerve impulses from sucking go to the brain

2. (Short

arow

) The pituitary gland releases

oxytocin

into the bloodstream

3. (Breast) This causes muscles around the alveoli in the breast to

squeez

milk to the nipple

Milk production stimulated by:

oxytocin

and

prolactin

*

colostrum

- first to produce

- nutrient-rich substance

conatining

lots of antibodiesSlide24

Some Diseases

Cancers:

Ovarian“silent” detected in late developmentOophorectomy- surgical removal of the ovaryCervicalDetected by pap smearCancer of the fallopian tubeSalpingectomy – surgical removal of the uterine tubeCancer of the UterusHysterectomy – surgical removall of the uterusSexually Transmitted Diseases(STD)Genital warts – caused by Human Papiloma Virus (HPV)

AIDS