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Topic 2 – Transportation Topic 2 – Transportation

Topic 2 – Transportation - PowerPoint Presentation

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Topic 2 – Transportation - PPT Presentation

Topic 2 Transportation and the Spatial Structure Historical Geography of Transportation Transport and Spatial Organization Transport and Location Future Transportation Conditions of Usage For personal and classroom use only ID: 768994

canal transportation era transport transportation canal transport era century systems trade 000 1920 sea 1970 fordist industrial 1870 modern

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Topic 2 – Transportation and the Spatial Structure Historical Geography of Transportation Transport and Spatial Organization Transport and Location Future Transportation

Conditions of Usage For personal and classroom use only Excludes any other form of communication such as conference presentations, published reports and papers. No modification and redistribution permitted Cannot be published, in whole or in part, in any form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. Citation Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University.

A – Historical Geography of Transportation I 1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s) 2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870) 3. Emergence of Modern Transportation Systems (1870-1920)

Transport Revolutions in Human History Era Date Mobility Paleolithic c. 700,000 years ago First migrations from Africa c. 35,000 years ago First migrations by sea to Australasia c. 18,000 years ago First migrations to the Americas Agrarian c. 4,000 BC Animal-powered transport c. 3,500 BC Wheeled transport c. 1,500 BC Long distance navigation in Polynesia c. 1,000 BC Roads and canals Modern From 15 th century Improvements in shipbuilding and navigation From early 19 th century Railways and steamships From late 19 th century Internal combustion engines From early 20 th century Air travel From mid 20 th century Space travel

1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s) Limited transport technology No mechanized forms of transportation. High friction of distance. Harnessing animal labor and wind. Isolation and limited long distance trade. Existing long distance trade: Reliance on maritime and fluvial transportation. High value commodities along established trade routes(e.g. Silk Road). Transportation and empire building Roman Empire (road network, 80,000 kilometers, 200 AD). Chinese Empire (canal system, 2,500 kilometers).

The Silk Road and Arab Sea Routes (8th to 14th Centuries)

Roman Road Network, 200 AD 500 km Atlantic Ocean Red Sea Black Sea Adriatic Sea Mediterranean Ocean

Grand Canal System, China The Grand Canal Achievement of Imperial hydrological engineering. First segments completed around 602 AD (Sui Dynasty). At its peak during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 AD). Totaled about 2,500 kilometers, 1,700 still in use today. Grain distribution through the empire, notably its capitals. Hangzhou Suzhou Yangzhou Chuzhou Jizhou Kaifeng Luoyang Beijing Huaiyin Bian Canal (Song) Tongji Canal (Sui) Jizhou Canal (Yuan) Yangzhou Canal (Song and Yuan) Jiangnan Canal (Sui, Song and Yuan) Yongji Canal (Sui and Yuan) Tonghui Canal (Yuan) Yongji Canal (Sui) Jiao-Lai Canal (Yuan) 400 km Old course of the Yellow River (Song) Yellow Sea East China Sea

1. Transportation in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre 1800s) European expansion Mastery of sailing and artillery. Eastern trade route: Discovered by Portugal. Cape of good hope reached by 1481. Gama (1497-99) first to reach India. China reached by 1513. Western trade route: Discovered by Columbus (1492). Failed to reach Asia (America discovered). Cabot tried (1497), but also failed. Magellan (1519-22) successful to round the world. Establishment of colonial empires.

Early European Maritime Expeditions, 1492-1522

Caravel, 15th Century

Dutch East India Company, Trade Network, 17th Century

Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century

2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870) Mechanization of transportation Steam engine (as a water pump). First steamship on the Delaware river (1790). Eventually lead to the development of railways. Regular maritime routes Notably over the North Atlantic (Europe – North America). The era of clipper ships: Fast cargo ships used for intercontinental trade (Asia, Europe, America). The emergence of the steamship: Savannah (first to cross the Atlantic in 1820). Great Britain (first steel and helix propelled ship, 1844). Accurate navigation charts (1850s): Prevailing winds and sea current used to the advantage of navigation.

Clipper Ship “Flying Cloud”

An Early Steamship, “The Great Britain”, 1845

Impacts of Maury’s Navigation Charts on Sailing Time, 1850s

Break-Even Distance between Sail and Steam, 1850-1890

World Trade Routes, 1912

Liner Transatlantic Crossing Times, 1838 – 1952 (in days)

2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870) Land transport systems Serious problems of land transportation. Roads were commonly unpaved and could not be used to effectively carry heavy loads. Attempts to develop toll road systems (Turnpikes in UK). Freight shipping canals Bridgewater Canal, Britain (1761). Erie Canal, New York (1825). Linking different segments of fluvial systems into a comprehensive waterway system. Fluvial barges. Lowered significantly land transport costs. Permitted initial industrialization.

Turnpikes in Great Britain, Late 18th and Early 19th Century

Mail Coach, Great Britain, 18th Century

Bridgewater Canal, Manchester, 1767

Erie Canal, New York, 1829

2. The Industrial Revolution and Transportation (1800-1870) Railway systems First commercial rail line in 1830 (Manchester-Liverpool; 40 miles). Access to national resources and markets: The triumph of inland transportation. First urban systems. End of the canal era: Many canals fell into disrepair. Unable to compete with the speed and flexibility of rail. Only the most strategic links were kept. From a point-to-point to an integrated rail system: Large companies. Standard gauge. Standard times zones (1884)

Completion of the Transcontinental Railway, 1869

3. Emergence of Modern Transportation Systems (1870-1920) Growth of international transportation Shift from coal to oil in ships: Reduce their energy consumption by a factor of 90%. Increase in ship size (no longer limited by wood). Construction of the Suez and Panama canals. Dominance of the rail transport system By the early 20 th century, most systems reached their peak. Overinvestment and over development. A phase of decline then began.

Rail Track Mileage, United States, 1833-2006

Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals

Effects of the Suez and Panama Canals on Travel Distances (in nautical miles)

3. Emergence of Modern Transportation Systems (1870-1920) Modern urban transportation Increase in urban population. Introduction of tramways (1880; horse drawn, and then electric). Urban sprawl and the specialization of economic functions. Underground metro systems in large cities (London, 1863). Bicycle (1867); cheap mobility for the masses. Modern telecommunications Telegraph (1844). Associated with the growth of railways and international shipping. Business transactions became more efficient. Creation of standard times zones (1884). Every continent was linked by telegraphic lines (1895).

Global Telegraph System, c1901 (the Victorian Internet)

A – Historical Evolution of Transportation II 1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970) 2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-)

1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970) Internal combustion engine Diesel engine (1885). Extended flexibility of movements. Fast, inexpensive and ubiquitous transport modes (cars, buses and truck). Mass production system Applied by Ford for car manufacturing. Ford Model T: about 14 million Ford Model T were built (1913-1927). Increased demand for oil products and other raw materials (steel and rubber).

Assembly Line of the Ford Model T, 1913

Ford T Coupelet, 1915

Cost and Production of Ford Vehicles, 1908-1924

1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970) Economies of scale Mass consumption of resources. Bulk commodities such as minerals and grain over long distances. Oil Tankers. Propelled flight Wright brothers (1903). Commercial air transport service between England and France (1919). Expansion of regional / national air transport services (1920s-1930s). Douglas DC-3 (1935). First commercial jet plane (Boeing 707; 1958).

Comparison between a Contemporary and Second World War Tanker 1942 1975 Modern VLCC (305 m) T2 Tanker (153 m)

ULCC, Persian Gulf

Wright Brothers First Airplane, 1903

Douglas DC-3, 1937

Boeing 707, 1958

1. Transportation in the Fordist Era (1920-1970) Telecommunications Mass market media. Telephone (1878). Radio (1920): First radio shows: to sell radios. Television (1950). Automobile Massive diffusion (1950s). Greater customization of vehicles. Suburbanization and expansion of cities.

2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-) Telecommunications Merging with information technologies. Information highway (Internet). Growth in processing power of computers: Moore’s law. Number of transistors per integrated circuit would double every 18 months. Satellite communications. Wireless networks.

Moore’s Law: Transistors per Microprocessor, 1971-2008

US Household Penetration of Telecommunications, 1920-2008

2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-) Globalization of trade Fragmentation of the production. International division of labor. The principle of “just-in-time”. Development of logistics. Containerization Increased flexibility of freight transport. First containership, Ideal-X (1956). Cellular containerships (1967). Massification of air transport Boeing 747 (1969).

Cellular Containership, La Havre, France

Boeing 747

Some Costs of Long Distance Travel Link Cost in Dollars (Current 2005 Dollars) Transatlantic steamship (1880s) $35 to $100 ($1,000 to $3,000) Transcontinental rail (1880s) $100 to $200 ($3,000 to $6,000) Transcontinental rail (1940s) $70 to $100 ($250 to $350) Transcontinental air (1940s) $300 ($3,600) Transcontinental air (1960s)$150 ($1,200)Transcontinental air (2000s)$600

2. A New Context for Transportation : the Post-Fordist Era (1970-) High-speed train networks Shinkansen , Japan (1964). TGV, France (1981). Globalization of car manufacturing Three major players, US, Germany and Japan. New producers (Korea). 80% of oil consumption attributed to road transportation. Growing transport constraints Innovations in transport modes. Reduction of energy consumption. Alternative sources of energy.

Shinkansen, Japan

Automobile Production, Selected Countries,1950-2008 (in millions)