Mr. - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Mr. DeZilva

Religious Experience RevisionSlide2

What you need to knowSlide3

Key Terms

Religious Experience

Revelation

MonistNuminousObjectivistSubjectivistVeridical

Visions & VoicesCorporateConversionNatural, Revealed,

& Liberal Theology

PragmatistIneffabilityNoetic QualityTransience

Passivity“Hypothesis”CredulityTestimony

Propositional KnowledgeNon-Propositional Fundamentalism

Credulity

TestimonySlide4

Important to Note…

Mysticism

is a type of religious experience. It is the experience of having apprehended an ultimate reality and unity with the divine

William James lists four main characteristics of a mystic experience  PINT

St. Teresa of Avila had a mystic experience when she had visions of God, in which she felt like she was receiving a variety of messages from God.

A Numinous is a type of Mysticism. Numinous – meaning something that is “wholly other” than the natural world.Slide5

Key People

Primary

William

JamesThe Varieties of Religious ExperienceRudolph OttoKarl Barth

Richard Swinburne SecondaryAlfred AyerLudwig WittgensteinAnthony Flew

Others to look at:Peter Donovan (Interpreting Religious Experience

)Schleiermacher (Essence of religion was based on personal experiences)Alister Hardy (The Religious Experience Research Unit)

Bertrand Russell (Challenges RE)Slide6

James is a Pragmatist

James was interested in explaining Religious Experiences from a very “hands-on” perspective. The more technical way of saying this is to say is that William James is interested in the

practical nature

of religious experiences. Now, what does this mean?  James was interested in how Religious Experiences were

used in our everyday lives and what made them important.

 The “truth” or actual value of something, for James, depended at least in part on its practical consequences.To come to his conclusions, James studied a variety of religious experiences and tried to prove them true, scientifically, but because this was not able to be proven, he looked at the practical consequences that a religious experience led to, this was more important. Slide7

The Aims of William James

William James (1842

–1910) was interested in human psychology, and thus, attempted to view Religious Experiences through a scientific lens

He is not necessarily trying to prove that religious experiences are necessarily real or indicative of GodHe does not ignore the idea that a “Religious Experience” may in fact be a result of delusion, drunkenness, etc.

James wants to explore all other possibilities in order to help explain Religious Experiences, as opposed to directly aligning it with “a sign from God” or even “science explains it”Slide8

William James & His Aims

http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvAq9N05I8sSlide9

What James Finds…

James identifies four characteristics of a genuine mystical experience (Remember:

PINT

)Passivity: Those affected feel as if their own will is in the grips of a superior power Ineffability: James describes the mystical state of mind as “negative” in the sense that

no words can begin to describe the nature of such an experienceNoetic quality: James states that this is a type of knowledge beyond any normal experience. The Religious Experiences are states of insight into depth or truth unexplored by the broad intellect. They are illuminations full of

significance and carry authority for a lifetimeTransciency: The experiences in themselves last only the briefest time, but their effects are life changingSlide10

Furthermore…

On Religious Experiences, James argues that the interpretation of religious experiences is affected by what he describes as “

over-beliefs”

This means that one’s conceptual framework of a religious is dictated by another prophet’s visions, voices, experiences – We “over-believe” in someone else’s experiences, perhaps to help solidify our own beliefs (and have our own experience)Slide11

4 Main Arguments for James in his Book

1) In James’ view, the spiritual value of religious experiences is not undone even if we can find a psychological explanation for the experiences. James rejected the view that RE was the result of a repressed or perverted sexuality (Freud proposed this). Study of religious life shows that the context of religion is disconnected from that of sexual consciousness.

2) James did not agree that there was a single feature of religious experience that defines it, but he understood it to be “The feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine.” In human consciousness, there is a sense of reality, a feeling of objective presence and a perception of what we may call “something there”Slide12

Continued…

3) The experiences of great religious figures can set patterns for the conventional believer to study. James gives examples of “saintliness,” lives which have followed from conversion or mystical experiences described. The examples he uses show that people can learn from the experiences they have had of these saints whether or not they have in fact

actually had

the experience themselves.4) James believed that religious experience was more important as a focus of study than religious practice or religious institutions such as the church. He that that the personal experience was primary, church secondary. Slide13

James Breakdown

1. He is a Pragmatist with the goal to attempt to scientifically evaluate religious experiences

2. He is not trying to disprove religion or disprove the existence of God, he is trying to find all other possibilities for a religious experience and look at their consequences

3. After observing a collection of Religious Experiences of other people, he concluded they all have PINT in common4. He recognises the potential for flaws in Religious Experiences, with things such as over-belief. 5. James gave 4 arguments in his book while he was doing his observations of Religious Experiences

6. He eventually concluded to the following…Slide14

James’ Conclusions

James felt that spiritual ideas should be judged on three criteria:

1) Immediate luminousness

 Do they enlighten us?2) Philosophical Reasonableness  Do they make sense?

3) Moral Helpfulness  Are they a good guide to living?St Teresa of Avila had visions of Jesus Christ multiple times for a span of two years. It transformed her life for the better

Some commentators thought of her visions to be psychologically driven – maybe the result of sexual frustration (which could be supported by Freud) because she vowed chastity

Religious Experiences (Mysticism), James acknowledged, could be a result of a mental illness, drugs, or alcohol use

However, James noticed that all RE have something in common: they happen when the subject is at their lowest point in life and potentially need a change to help turn their life around.James does not end up proving whether or not Religious Experiences occur, but because he is a pragmatist, he is much more interested in the results (as opposed to the origins) to give evidence to their valueSlide15

More on The Varieties of Religious Experiences

In his

Varieties of Religious Experiences, he gave the example of the Quaker Religion and its founder, George Fox.He believed that the study of the origin of something is irrelevant to its actual value (or the study of the value)Many people felt that the religion itself should be rejected because Fox himself was a schizophrenic (James referred to this rejection as

medical materialism), for which he found quite faulty when assessing its value.In his Varieties of Religious Experience

, he spoke on the visions of St. Teresa of AvilaSlide16

Notes from Article: The Argument from Religious Experience

The Argument

Challenging Premise 2

Challenging Premise 3Flaws with Testimony

Principles of CredulityPrinciple of TestimonySlide17

Conversion Experiences

Conversion is a form of religious experience where someone’s life takes a dramatic spiritual turn.

A

person may be converted from no religion to religious belief or from one religion to another.God directly intervenes in someone’s life to direct them to religious belief: Saul’s conversion is an excellent example of this;

A long period of emotional disturbance comes to an end and a person associates the lifting of ‘clouds’ with religious belief;A person on a long spiritual journey finally achieves what they have been searching for ‘when the fruit is ripe, a touch will make it fall.’9A person finds previously unexperienced

acceptance within a religious communitySlide18

Conversion Continued

Conversion

could be understood as the work of God revealing himself through nature, or directly to a person which leads them to adopt religious belief

Alternatively, conversion could be understood psychologically as a person with a troubled or searching mind trying to find answers in lifeMost people who are converted speak of a deep and lasting sense of happiness and a sense that their life has meaning.

However, does the experience originate outside the person (with God) or inside the person (in the mind)Slide19

James on Conversion

James argues that there are several features of a conversion experience:

A loss of worry

: the certainty of God’s activity in a person’s life and a feeling of overwhelming harmony and completeness.Perceiving truths not known before: the mysteries of life become lucid and clear.The world appears to go through a change

: ‘an appearance of newness beautifies every object.’Ecstasy of happiness: ‘No words can express the wonderful love that was shed abroad in my heart. I wept aloud with joy and love.’11Saintliness:

living a life of moral goodness.Slide20

James on Conversion

Saintliness continued

A

person’s life is completely changed by the experience that they have had and they change for the better. Also often referred to as the ‘fruits’ of the experience. It is common for people who have had conversion experiences, either sudden like Saul, or more gradual to bring about serious changes to their

lifeThey devote themselves more fully to religious practice and live more moral lives. Slide21

James on Conversion

James acknowledges that people may go through a conversion as a result of “The

divided self and the process of its unification

.”The volitional type conversion: is where a person decides that they wish to make spiritual changes in their life and they go about doing the things necessary to bring this

about.i.e. I want to be a Muslim, so I actively try to become one by reading the Qu’ran, praying 5 times a day, etc.The

Self-Surrender type conversion: is where a person feels that they have done all they can to develop their religious beliefs and they think “God, I’ve done what I could. Help me out…”

However  there are still potential naturalistic and psychological explanations that explain why people have religious experiences, thus, not resulting in a call from God

Lofland and Stark (1965) noticed all conversion experiences are a result of patterns and the social gatherings in

an environmentSlide22

Sacred Writings

To what extent can God reveal himself through sacred writings

?

Key Questions – are the words of sacred scripture that of a human or that of a divine being?Revelation: knowledge that is gained through the agency of God – direct from an infallible source and unconditioned

Propositional knowledge: knowing that something is, in fact, so. It has truth value Non-Propositional knowledge: knowing what something is by learning it or acquiring it i.e. a skill

A Propositional belief on the content of faith is a series of truths or a set of plans revealed by God. Faith, then, is a matter of agreement to those truths. A

Non-Propositional belief argues that the content of the revelation is not a series of truths or set of plans, but rather the self-revelation of God. God reveals himself and humanity responds in faithSlide23

Propositional Knowledge

Propositional

Revelation

Refers to God directly revealing truths about his nature to people'Proposition' indicates that the revelations are facts from God or about God and therefore for theists, they are true and beyond doubt or debate.The Ten Commandments: Jews and Christians would argue that they are a revelation from God and thus, not open to questions.

The Qur'an revealed to the Prophet Muhammad from God and there is without fault or need of reinterpretation.Faith comes into play because the recipient accepts that the revelations is from GodPropositional

revelations are truths revealed by God but they are not demonstrable using human reason.Slide24

Prop Knowledge continued

Believers

do not reject the use of reason but acknowledge that it cannot prove God's revelations but, there are cases when God can be revealed through using reason through arguments such as the teleological argument

Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologies) suggested that 'faith' concerns knowledge about God who is transcendent.For him, faith is based on something factual which opinion is not but, it is not as certain as science.

Aquinas emphasised the role of propositional revelation and natural theology (using reason to learn about God from the natural world)For Aquinas revelations can be accepted as genuine if they accord with the Churches teaching (seeing if it fits in determines if it was revealed, ultimately going back to Jesus)Slide25

Non-Propositional Knowledge

Non-Propositional

revelation

The idea that God does not reveal facts or information during the process of revelation. God makes himself known during the experienceIt may be through nature i.e. Paley was impressed by the structure of the human eyeNature can reveal God but is indirect and a matter of

interpretationThe experience is ineffable – beyond what can be describedThere are indirect experiences of God which lead a person to understand something about himSlide26

Non-Prop continued

If

the Bible is a non propositional revelation, the role of the reader is highly important as this revelation takes place in their life so every person will see the world in a different way according to their worldview.

The writers attempt to put their experience into words by reflecting on itSchleiermacher believed that the biblical texts came about as writers reflected on their religious experiences

This is about having ‘faith in’ something, not a matter of having facts and information to prove itHuman beings are free to respond to God's revelation or not since the revelation is not received passively but activelySo

if a human book i.e. The Bible is a witness ad record of how the revelation of God has been understood in history by religious believers.Slide27

Different Methods of Interpretation

Literal Method (Fundamentalism)

.

Here the meaning of the text is taken at face value and interpreted literally. The command to love your neighbour and to stone to death people who commit adultery should be taken literally.Allegorical Method. Here the reader is taken below the surface meaning of the text to a deeper hidden meaning not literally expressed in the text itself. Unacceptable passages about slavery, for example could be interpreted an referring allegorically to our general slavery to sin and the devil.

Ecclesiastical Method. The Bible is the book of the Church. Its meaning is whatever the Church says it is.Historical Critical Method. Here the historical production of the Bible is taken into account. When it was written, who wrote it and whether it depicts real history are issues considered by this approach.

Literary Critical Method. Here analysis of language and literary style is used to tease out the composite sources which make up scripture. Much of Biblical language is mythical. According to

Rudolph Bultmann myths convey the meaning of existence and so Biblical language has to be translated into the language about the nature of existence to be understood today. He calls this demythologising.Slide28

Examples of Sacred Texts

The Bible:

“The Word of God”

God told the writers what to write (inspires the writers)The Qu’ranThe words of Allah spoken to MuhammadMuhammad as a mouthpiece for the all knowing

Allah.*Whether these are taken literally or fundamentally can change the entire outlook of these sacred texts. It can change the revelation…Slide29

Karl Barth on Revelation

Christian

theology

can understand itself in terms of itself, and not in terms of “outside” influences. In fact, Barth believed this was the only way that theology could be done.This puts emphasis of the followers of Christianity to take seriously what the authors of texts believed they were

doing: heralding the “Good News” The only way to gain true knowledge of God is through

Revelation and this should be done through the GospelsOnly in the eternal present of the moment of Jesus Christ can the revelation of God occur, “the ‘Moment’ when men stand naked before God and are clothed upon by Him.”Felt that ordinary language is inadequate to convey revelation

Revelation is a personal disclosure of God’s being and nature.Slide30

How to explain and understand God

Natural

Theology

: Explaining revelations and the nature of god through reason and ordinary experiencesRevealed Theology: Explaining revelations and the nature of god through scripture and religious experienceLiberal Theology

: Understanding God through textual interpretation and open mindedness. Slide31

Numinous Experiences

The term is coined by

Rudolf Otto

(1869 – 1937)He felt that what is most fundamental to any religion is that individuals should have a sense of personal encounter with natural forcesFurther felt that the Divine would be recognised as having three different qualities:A

mysterious (Mysterium) quality – Wholly OtherA

fearful/terror (Tremendum) quality – Overwhelming

A charming and merciful (Fascinans)

quality – Gracious Together, Otto felt that this incomprehensible force is of ultimate importance, and while it is potentially dangerous, it is very beautiful and you should feel privileged in this presence. Slide32

Numinous Continued

Numinous is a type of

mystic experience

It is the sense of awe and wonder a person may feel when they experience the presence of God in a certain place or building. It usually describes the feeling that God is very different from us – powerful and dynamicA common Numinous experience is walking into a church (Consider walking into the St Peter’s Church in Vatican City)Another common Numinous experience is just seeing nature and marvelling at God’s beauty (i.e. a sunset)Slide33

Otto Continued

One of the challenges to

William James

is the concept of Language Games – that if you aren’t “playing the game” of that particular religion, something like a religious experience would not be able to happen to youHowever, Otto can help answer thisHe made use of the term numinous for this purpose, this concept of an awe-inspiring, unspeakable event that could not be done justice to in normal language and experience.

Referred to religious language as a schema (a pattern, a representation), when in actuality, the experience is unexplainable.Slide34

Corporate Experiences

Where several

different people at the same time have the same or similar religious experiences.

It is seen by a body of people and experienced by a collective group of people who all say that they have experienced some supernatural event similar to one anotherIt may seem more impressive because there are a number of people having the same experienceThe most famous example of this is The Toronto Blessing

Considered to have an outpouring of The Holy Spirit where people at a Toronto Airport Christian Fellowship ChurchPeople laughed uncontrollably, danced, barked, and some people were even stuck in paralysisA potential Biblical example could be the Tower of Babel story