19th - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

19th century British Press

Newly

invented

steam

-

powered

printing presses

brought

about

a

sea

-change

in printing

methods

and

boosted

the circulation of

both

local and national

papers

. Slide2

The growth of journalism

At the beginning of the 19

th century, a newspaper circulating two or three thousand copies a day was looked upon as phenomenally successful, by the end of the century, circulations rising to 250,000 or more daily were recorded of the penny newspapers, which had now become the dearer class; and much larger of the halfpenny press.

There

had also been a multiplication in the number of daily and weekly journals; and, in their supply of news, some of the best of the provincial papers

rivalled

the majority of those published in London.Slide3

Increase / decrease

Syn. For increase: go up,

flare up, soar up, rocket up, skyrocket

,

be

on the

rise

,

reach

a

peak

,

reach

an apex.

Syn. For

decrease

:

fall

,

dwindle

, go down, collapse,

plummet

,

reach

a

through

.

reduce

,

curb

,

cut

down, check = réduire

A

significant

increase

/ a

dramatic

increase

in

the

number

of

papers

. A

fall

in

the

prices

. Slide4

Why

did newspapers

multiply

so

dramatically

throughout the 19th century? Slide5

The extension of British journalism has been the result of:

1 cheapness and of ability to obtain news in increasing quantity, and with greater accuracy always with increasing speed.

a constant growth of revenue from advertisements. The dramatic development of shipping, manufacturing and finance.

the construction of railways, and even the invention of the motor-car, which have

revolutionised

the means of placing newspapers in the hands of readers. 

the growing number of religious organizations, of projects for social betterment, the multiplication of universities and of scientific and literary societies.

the spread of concerts and of tours by dramatic companies, each of them advertising and requiring notices of its performances.

An ever increasing freedom of the press.

The technical improvements making illustrations cheaper and easier to print and paper more eye-catching and entertaining. Slide6

Exprimer la conséquence

Avec des mots de liaison: thanks

to, owing to, due to + GN (Owing to

technical

improvements

, printing illustrations

became

cheaper); since, as, because + Proposition (Since the cost of illustrations dwindled, illustrated

periodicals

thrived

).

Avec des verbes

: permit,

enable

,

facilitate

, cause, trigger,

spark

,

generate

,

bring

about /

forth

,

breed

,

lead

on to,

foster

(new

means

of transportations trigger a

dramatic

increase

in the

number

of

newspaper

articles)

Avec des locutions et expression:

make

it

easier

for

someone

to do, pave the

way

for,

lay

the

foundations

for (

Fewer

press

restrictions made

it

easier

for

journalist

to

tackle

a

wide

range of

subjects

). Slide7

Prior to 1814, not more than 750 impressions an hour could be obtained from one machine, and, if more than one machine were operated, for each was required a duplicate set of types. In 1814, John Walter, the second of that name who owned 

The Times,

 showed that, with the aid of steam, newspapers could be printed at the rate of 1100 copies per hour. Various improvements were made afterwards, greatly expediting the work. But, half-way in the century, papermakers made long rolls of paper, to run in a press fitted with cylinders on which were fixed, in the first instance, type, and, afterwards, cast metal plates reproducing pages of type; so that, by the end of the century, one cylindrical press could print, at the rate of 25,000 copies per hour, journals twice the size of those issued at the beginning of the century. Slide8

The Penny Magazine, published every Saturday, was aimed at the working class. It was part of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge's program for liberal reform.

F

or its reader, however, it was a source of information on subjects of general interest

: everyday things like tea and coffee, well-known places in England, a series on animals and birds of Britain, descriptions of present-day

manufacturing

, even an American almanac and a serial of a personal account of an immigrant's problems. Poetry was published, too, and there are several illustrations in each

issue

.Slide9
Slide10

The Illustrated London News

 was the world's first illustrated weekly newspaper; the first issue appeared on Saturday 14 May 1842. It was published weekly until 1971 and then increasingly less frequently until publication ceased in 2003.

By the early 19th century there were 52 London papers and over 100 other titles. As

stamp

, paper and other

duties

were progressively reduced from the 1830s

onwards

(all duties on newspapers were gone by 1855) there was a massive growth

in overall circulation

as major events and improved communications developed the public's need for information. Slide11
Slide12

George Cruikshank (1792-1878), The Royal Menagerie, on the Road to Ruin Spain, March 12, 1823. Etching with hand-coloring. GA Cruikshank Cohn 1924. Gift of Richard W. Meirs

, class of 1888.Slide13
Slide14

Old Antique Historical Victorian Prints Maps and Historic Fine Art----------. Engraved Print Reading News Newspaper C1850 Taylor Art Switzerland Antique Prints .Slide15

Old Antique Historical Victorian Prints Maps and Historic Fine Art ----------. 1888 Street Scene Reading

Newpaper

Dog Man Stick Print One Page From The Graphic C1850-1899