Asterids – Part 1 - PowerPoint Presentation

Asterids – Part 1“Basal” Asterids, Lamiids Spring 2012

Fig. 8.1

Asterid charactersMolecular dataSympetalous corollasEpipetalous stamensNumber of stamens = number of petals Ovules with a single integument and a thin nucellus (reduction from two integuments) Iridoid compounds

Asterid characters Sympetaly and epipetalous stamens # stamens = # petals Unitegmic , t enuinucellate ovules

Fig. 8.83

Asterid taxa“Basal” Asterids Order Cornales – dogwoods Order Ericales – azaleas, blueberries, cranberries Lamiids Order Solanales – potatoes, tomatoes, peppers Order Gentianales – gentians, milkweeds, coffee Order Lamiales – mints, olives, snapdragons Campanulids Order Apiales – ginseng, carrots, dill, parsley Order Dipsacales – honeysuckle, elderberry Order Asterales – bluebells, sunflowers Core Asterids

Asterid taxa – Part 1“Basal” Asterids Order Cornales Cornaceae – dogwoods Order Ericales Ericaceae – blueberries, heaths Lamiids Order Gentianales * Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweeds Rubiaceae – coffee, quinine Order Solanales * Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper Order Lamiales Campanulids (Part 2) *family required for recognition

“Basal” Asterids:Cornales: Cornaceae(The Dogwood Family) Widespread, especially common in north temperate regions Usually trees or shrubs; leaves usually opposite, usually entire, with secondary veins smoothly arching toward leaf margins ( arcuate venation) Diversity: 80-85 species in ca. 2 generaFlowers: Sepals & petals 4-5; stamens 4-10, pollen apertures with an H-shaped thin region; carpels usually 2 or 3, connate, inferior ovary; fruit a drupe, the pit winged or ridged Significant features: Nectar disk on top of the ovary; inflorescences sometimes with showy bracts Special uses: Ornamentals such as ( Cornus) and tupelo (Nyssa)Family not required

Cornaceae Davidia Nyssa (tupelo)

Cornaceae: Cornus -shrubs, trees or herbs with usually opposite simple leaves -flowers small, in open cymes or in close heads surrounded by petal-like bracts (false flowers) -calyx minutely 4-toothed -petals 4, stamens 4-fruit a small drupe

“Basal” Asterids:Ericales: Ericaceae(The Heath or Blueberry Family) Cosmopolitan; most diverse in montane habitats in E. Asia, E North America, S Africa, Australia. Favor acid soils; sunny or part-shaded habitats Trees, shrubs, lianas, occasionally mycoparasitic herbs lacking chlorophyll; leaves usually alternate and spiral Diversity: 4,100 species in 124 generaFlowers: Often showy. Sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, connate forming a cylindrical to urn-shaped corolla; stamens (3) 8-10; anthers inverted, often with appendages, and poricidal dehiscence, pollen grains often in tetrads; carpels 2-10, connate, superior to inferior ovary; fruit a septic. or loculic. capsule, berry, drupeSignificant features: anthers often with poricidal dehiscence & sometimes with appendages; leaves often coriaceousSpecial uses: blueberries & cranberries (Vaccinium), Rhododendron and allies (Rhododendron, Erica, Kalmia, Pieris) are showy ornamentalsFamily not required

Ericaceae anthers (Fig. 8.89)

Ericaceae: Rhododendron -shrubs or small trees with deciduous or evergreen leaves -flowers developed from scaly buds, mostly 5-merous -corolla deciduous -stamens usually 2x the number of corolla lobes; anthers with poricidal dehiscence -ovary superior -fruit a septicidal capsule

Sarraceniaceae—another origin of carnivory by pitchers

Asterid taxa – Part 1“Basal” Asterids Order Cornales Cornaceae – dogwoods Order Ericales Ericaceae – blueberries, heaths Lamiids Order Gentianales *Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweeds Rubiaceae – coffee, quinine Order Solanales * Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper Order Lamiales Campanulids (Part 2) *family required for recognition

Lamiids:Gentianales: Apocynaceae(The Milkweed Family; incl. Asclepiadaceae ) Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; some in temperate regions Trees, shrubs, herbs, lianas, vines with laticifers and usually milky sap Diversity: ca. 4,600 species in ca. 400 genera Flowers: Sepals usu. 5; petals usu. 5 , connate forming bell- funnel- or tubular-shaped corolla; stamens usually 5, filaments always adnate to the corolla, anthers distinct or connate and forming a ring to fused to the stylar head; staminal outgrowths (corona) often present and petal-like; carpels usually 2, connate by styles/stigmas only & ovaries distinct to fully connate, superior ovary; apex of style expanded and highly modified, forming a 5-sided stylar head, secreting viscin; fruits often paired, each ovary developing into a dry follicle, drupe or berry Significant features: Usually opposite leaves; pollen in sticky masses (w/ viscin) or in pollinia ; seeds flattened, often with a tuft of hairsSpecial uses: Some chemical uses (e.g., Catharanthus, “Madagascar periwinkle”) and ornamentals (Asclepias, Vinca, Plumeria, Nerium) Required taxa: Asclepias

a nther views p aired fruits s eparate ovaries G: stylar head

Apocynaceae – Groups without pollinia Plumeria Nerium oleander Vinca Apocynum Catharanthus Thevetia

corona p air of pollinia

Apocynaceae with pollinia (Asclepiadoideae) Asclepias Stapelia Ceropegia Hoya Calotropus

Apocynaceae: Asclepias -plants herbaceous, stems erect to leaning -leaves usually opposite, sometimes alternate or whorled -inflorescence an umbel -corona of 5 hooded fleshy bodies, each usually with an incurved horn but lacking a crest-pollen in pollinia , the pollinia suspended -fruit a dry, ovoid or lanceolate follicle, one of the pair often aborting

Lamiids:Gentianales: Rubiaceae(The Coffee or Madder Family) Cosmopolitan, most diverse in the tropics and subtropical regions Trees, shrubs lianas or herbs, vines, shrubs; leaves opposite or whorled Diversity: Ca. 12,000 species in ca. 600 generaFlowers: usually bisexual and radial; sepals 4-5, connate; petals 4-5, connate, forming a funnel shaped corolla; stamens usually 4 or 5, adnate to corolla; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, berry, drupe, or schizocarp Significant features: interpetiolar stipules (connate stipules)Special uses: Major commodity is coffee (Coffea); anti-malarial drug obtained from the bark of Cinchona (quinine); ipecac (make-U-vomit) comes from Psychotria; gardenias (Gardenia), Pentas, and Ixora provide ornamentalsFamily not required

Rubiaceae interpetiolar stipules

Rubiaceae Coffea arabica Pentas

Rubiaceae: Galium (bedstraw) -stems 4-angled -slender herbs with whorled leaves -flowers small, in cymes -calyx teeth obsolete -corolla rotate -stamens 4 (rarely 3) -1 ovule per locule , the 2 carpels separating when ripe

Lamiids:Solanales: Solanaceae(The Potato or Nightshade Family) Widespread but most diverse in the neotropics Herbs, shrubs, trees, vines; leaves alternate ; often with a ‘solanaceous smell’Diversity: 2,450 species in 91-102 genera Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, forming variously tubular corolla, plicate (folded) ; stamens 5, filaments adnate to corolla, sometimes anthers connivant; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate, oriented obliquely to the median plane of the flower; superior ovary; fruit usually a berry (occ. a capsule, schizocarp or nutlet)Significant features: Complex chemistry with solanacous tropane alkaloids (belladonna/atropine, nicotine, capsaicin, etc.); stems with internal phloemSpecial uses: Many fruits and vegetables (potatoes & tomatoes - Solanum, peppers - Capsicum), tobacco (Nicotiana ), some ornamentals (Petunia)Required taxa: Petunia, Solanum

Solanaceae diversity

Solanaceae: Solanum -herbs or shrubs -corolla regular, rotate, 5-merous, deeply lobed -anthers forming a tube around the style ( connivent), with terminal openings; filaments short -fruit a berry, usually 2-locular -ca. 1,400 species, mostly tropical

Solanaceae: Petunia -herbs with upper leaves tending to become opposite -corolla slightly irregular, a little bilabiate , funnelform or salverform -stamens unequal, 1 much smaller than the others

SolanaceaeEconomic plants and products: Edibles: Cayenne pepper ( Capsicum ) Eggplant ( Solanum )Green pepper ( Capsicum ) Red pepper ( Capsicum)Potato (Solanum)Tomato (Solanum)

SolanaceaeEconomic plants and products: Medicinal/toxic plants ~ Alkaloids! Belladona ( Atropa ) Henbane (Hyoscyamus ) Jimson-weed ( Datura )Nightshade (Solanum)Mandrake (Mandragora)Tobacco (Nicotiana)

Fig. 8.83

Lamiales -gland-headed hairs - diacytic stomates -oligosaccharides (instead of starch) -anther anatomy-protein inclusions in the nuclei of mesophyll cells-endosperm with a micropylar haustorium -molecular data -ca. 22 families and 20,000 species

Major Families of Lamiales*Lamiaceae – mints Oleaceae – olives, ashes, lilacs Orobanchaceae – louseworts, beechdrops , Indian paintbrushes Plantaginaceae – snapdragons, vervains, penstemonsScrophulariaceae – mulleins, figworts *family required for recognition

Lamiids:Lamiales: Lamiaceae(The Mint Family; Labiatae) Cosmopolitan Herbs, shrubs, trees; stems square in herbaceous taxa Diversity: Ca. 6,800 species in 236-238 generaFlowers: Sepals 5, connate, calyx radial or bilateral; petals 5, connate, bilabiate ; stamens 4, didynamous to more or less equal; carpels 2, 2 ovules per carpel, connate, styles terminal to an often gynobasic, superior, often deeply 4-lobed ovary; fruit a drupe w/ 1-4 pits, an indehiscent 4-seeded pod, or a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlets or drupelets Significant features: Opposite leaves (usually); aromatic volatile compounds - mint oils; inflorescences with main axis indeterminate and determinate (cymose) lateral axes, these often congested into pseudowhorls (verticillasters)Special uses: Many herbs: oregano (Origanum), basil ( Basilicum), peppermint/spearmint (Mentha), sage (Salvia), thyme (Thymus ); teak wood (Tectona); ornamentals (e.g., Salvia, Callicarpa)Required taxa: Salvia

Lamiaceae Stachys floridana Ovary: 2-carpellate deeply 4-lobed 4 locules Gynobasic style Schizocarp (4 nutlets ) Corolla: zygomorphic sympetalous bilabiate Stamens: 4, didynamous epipetalous Square stems (herbaceous taxa) Opposite leaves Inflorescence: false whorls ( verticils or verticillasters ) From Zomlefer

Lamiaceae Nepeta Ocimum Phytostegia Clinopodium Note verticillate whorls of flowers at each node Rosmarinus Monarda

Lamiaceae: Salvia -calyx bilabiate , its lower lip 2-lobed -corolla strongly bilabiate -anther-bearing stamens 2, ascending and parallel, the upper pair lacking or rudimentary-anther with an elongate filament-like connective articulated with the filament -ovary deeply 4-parted

LamiaceaeEconomic plants and products: Condiments & perfumes: Basil ( Ocimum ) Lavender ( Lavandula )Oregano (Origanum ) Peppermint ( Mentha )Rosemary (Rosmarinus)Sage (Salvia)Spearmint (Mentha)Thyme (Thymus) Mentha

LamiaceaeEconomic plants and products: Ornamental plants: Beautyberry ( Callicarpa ) Coleus ( Coleus)Salvia ( Salvia )

Lamiids:Lamiales: Oleaceae(The Olive Family) Widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Trees, shrubs (lianas) with usually opposite leaves Diversity: Ca. 700 species in 24 generaFlowers: Often small but can be showy; sepals & petals 4, connate; stamens 2 (-4), filaments adnate to corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or circumcissile capsule, berry, drupeSignificant features: Tetramerous flowers, peltate secretory trichomesSpecial uses: Olives (Olea) used for fruits and oil; jasmine (Jasminum) used for flavoring and perfumery; ornamentals: lilac (Syringa), ash ( Fraxinus), privet (Ligustrum), ForsythiaFamily not required

Oleaceae Olea europaea Syringa Forsythia Chionanthus

Oleaceae: Fraxinus -trees or shrubs -leaves usually pinnately compound -flowers small, usually unisexual -petals 4 or lacking -fruit a dry indehiscent samara

Oleaceae: Syringa -upright shrubs -leaves simple -inflorescences paniculate -corolla salverform , lilac to pink or white-fruit a loculicidal capsule

Lamiids:Lamiales: Orobanchaceae(The Broomrape Family) Nearly cosmopolitan Herbs, hemiparasitic or holoparasitic (lacking chlorophyll), often black or dark colored when dry Diversity: Ca. 2100 species in 96-99 generaFlowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, the corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4, didynamous , adnate to the corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsuleSignificant features: Haustorial connections to terrestrial plant rootsFamily not required

Orobanchaceae diversity Epifagus – beechdrops Conopholis Agalinis Pedicularis Striga

Orobanchaceae: Castilleja - hemiparasitic herbs with alternate leaves -inflorescences with colorful, showy bracts more conspicuous than the flowers themselves-calyx tubular-anther locules unequal and separated

Lamiids:Lamiales: Plantaginaceae(The Snapdragon Family) Nearly cosmopolitan, but most diverse in temperate areas Herbs or less commonly shrubs, often with terminal inflorescences; leaves alternate or opposite Diversity: Ca. 1,820 species in 101 generaFlowers: Usually bisexual and bilateral, but + radial in Plantago; sepals 4-5, connate; petals 5 (or appearing to be 4 due to fusion of 2 upper lobes), connate, usually with a 2-lipped corolla; stamens usually 4 (2), with filaments adnate to corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a septicidal capsule or schizocarp of 2 achenesSignificant features: floral zygomorphy; special type of glandular hairSpecial uses: Many ornamentals (Antirrhinum, Penstemon, Veronica, Linaria); medical foxglove (Digitalis )Family not required

Plantaginaceae Linaria Antirrhinum Collinsia Digitalis Penstemon Penstemon

Plantaginaceae: Plantago -usually “ stemless ” herbs (rosettes) -leaves with parallel venation -flowers 4-merous, radial, wind- pollinated-corolla much reduced-stamens 4, filaments long exserted

Plantaginaceae: Veronica -usually herbaceous, annuals or perennials -leaves usually opposite -flowers relatively small -corolla rotate, not bilabiate but somewhat zygomorphic-stamens 2

Lamiids:Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae(The Figwort Family) Widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions Herbs (shrubs) with terminal inflorescences Diversity: 1,680 species in 52 genera Flowers: Sepals 3-5, connate; petals 4-5, connate, corolla bilabiate or tubular with flaring lobes, typically showing zygomorphy but sometimes actinomorphic; stamens, 5, 4, or 2, with filaments adnate to corolla; anther sacs usually confluent and opening by a single distal slit oriented at right angles to the filament or more or less U-shaped; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a septicidal capsule, drupe or schizocarp of achenes or drupletsSignificant features: floral zygomorphy; anther openingsSpecial uses: Many ornamentals (Buddleja, Nemesia, Scrophularia) Family not required

Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia Buddleja Sutera Leucophyllum

Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum -tall, usually hairy biennial herbs -stem leaves sessile, often decurrent -inflorescences terminal spikes, racemes or panicles -corolla 5-lobed, rotate, tube short, only slightly bilateral-stamens 5, all fertile, 3 or all of the filaments hairy

Other cool LamialesLentibulariaceae –more carnivorous plants Bignoniaceae Gesneriaceae