Paige Hopper Prolactin Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland the peasized gland near the base of the brain that controls metabolism growth and sexual development Even though prolactin is produced in small amounts in males and females its main purpose is to obtain milk during ID: 496805
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Slide1
Mr. WiedertPaige Hopper
ProlactinSlide2
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, the pea-sized gland near the base of the brain that controls metabolism, growth, and sexual development. Even though prolactin is produced in small amounts in males and females its main purpose is to obtain milk during a women's pregnancy.
Production of HormoneSlide3
Its role in enabling female mammals to produce milk
Prolactin
is secreted from the pituitary gland in response to eating, mating, estrogen treatment, ovulation, and nursing.
Its RoleSlide4
Pregnant women have high levels of
prolactin
, which helps make breast milk. During pregnancy,
prolactin
levels increase by 10 to 20 times. After the baby is born,
prolactin
stays high if you are breast-feeding. In women who do not breast-feed, prolactin levels return to normal soon after they give birth. After months of breast-feeding, prolactin levels may also return to normal levels even if you still breast-feed.The pituitary glands of men and nonpregnant women also make prolactin but it is not clear what it does in the body for these people.
When is Hormone Most Active? Slide5
Males: 2 - 18 ng/mL
No pregnant
females: 2 - 29 ng/mL
Pregnant women: 10 - 209 ng/mL
Note: ng/mL = nanograms per milliliter
Normal LevelsSlide6
Certain
medications can also raise prolactin levels, including
:
Antidepressants
Butyrophenones
Estrogens
H2 blockersMethyldopaMetoclopramidePhenothiazinesReserpineRisperidoneVerapamil
Abnormal Results Lead too…
People with the following conditions may have high
prolactin
levels
Chest wall trauma or irritation
Hypothalamic disease
Hypothyroidism
Kidney disease
Pituitary tumor that makes
prolactin
(
prolactinoma
)
Other pituitary tumors and diseasesSlide7
Lactotroph
adenomas (
prolactinomas
) are benign (non-cancerous) tumors of the pituitary gland that produce
prolactin
and thereby cause higher than normal blood
prolactin concentrations. They can cause symptoms, either when the high blood prolactin concentration interferes with the function of the ovaries or testicles or, less commonly, when the adenoma grows large enough to compress nearby structures in the head, such as the nerves to the eyes.Prolactinomas occur in both men and women but are more commonly diagnosed in women who are less than 50 years than in older women or men.Prolactinomas can usually be treated successfully with medication alone. Medication lowers the prolactin level in the blood substantially, often to normal, and also usually reduces tumor size. However, a minority of these tumors do not respond to medication and must be treated with surgery or, less
How are Atypical Amounts TreatedSlide8
Protein
Steroid or Protein? Slide9
Prolactin
production is inhibited by
prolactin
–inhibiting hormone
(
PIH
) the neurotransmitter dopamine. The hypothalamus also secretes a prolactin releasing hormone, but the identity of this prolactin–releasing factor ( PRF ) is a mystery. Circulating PRL stimulates PIH release and inhibits the secretion of PRF .Prolactin, estrogens, progesterone, glucocorticoids, pancreatic hormones, and hormones produced by the placenta cooperate in preparing the mammary glands for secretion, and milk ejection occurs only in response to oxytocin
release at the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Target Cell and its
EnterySlide10
Most pituitary hormones can be replaced indirectly by administering the products of the
effector
glands: hydrocortisone (
cortisol
) for adrenal insufficiency,
levothyroxine
for hypothyroidism, testosterone for male hypogonadism, and estradiol for female hypogonadism (usually with a progestogen to inhibit unwanted effects on the uterus). Growth hormone is available in synthetic form, but needs to be administered parenterally (by injection).
Can it be Synthetically Replaced? Slide11
http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/test_prolactin.html
http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003718.htmhttp://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-prolactin-levels-and-prolactinomas-beyond-the-basicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/prolactin.gif
Work Cited