Beginning of 20 th c. & - PowerPoint Presentation

Beginning of 20th c. & 1st World War - Greece of Venizelos -

Goudi Coup Greece in 1900-1909 AD: Greek defeat in 1897 AD & its humiliating consequences  Increase of irredentism Price d rop of raisin  Further financial problems of Greek agricultural societyPolitical instabilityInstitution of Sociological Society (A. Papanastasiou), as 1st Greek socialistic political party New law (1900 AD), appointing Prince Konstantinos leader of Greek Army & thus offering to Palace absolute control of Greek military forces  Negative reaction of Army  Institution of General Staff (although with royalist officers) (1904 AD)

Goudi Coup General disappointment of army officers  Institution of Military Association (1908 AD) 1908 AD: Goudi Coup by honest & capable officers, THOUGH without any political experience & capability1910 AD: Invitation of Eleftherios Venizelos from Crete  Elections, won by his Federal Party Venizelos as new Prime MinisterMany new members & some new parties, such as “Sociologists” & “Rurals”, in new Parliament

Eleftherios Venizelos Reforms: Separation of political powers (legislative, administrative, judicial, executive) State’s right of expropriation for public benefit Permanence of public officials etc. 1911 AD: New Constitution (completely renovated)1911 AD: War between Italy & Ottoman Empire  Chance for Balkan states to lay claims on Ottoman Empire

Balkan Wars 1 st Balkan War (October 1912 – May 1913 AD) Controversial parties: Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece AGAINST Ottoman EmpireMontenegrin army in SkodraSerbian army in Northwestern BalkanBulgarian army in Eastern Macedonia & ThraceGreek victories in Thessaly (Sarantaporo, Elassona) & Epirus (Ioannina) – Crucial matter, liberation of Thessaloniki (before Bulgarian army)  Conflict between Venizelos (Thessaloniki) & Prince Konstantinos (Northern Epirus)

Balkan Wars Liberation of Aegean Islands by Greek fleet, under Pavlos Kountouriotis’ leadership Assassination of King George 1 st (friend of British) in Thessaloniki (March 1913 AD)  Konstantinos 1 st as new KingMay 1913 AD Treaty of London:No further Turkish claims to areas western of Henus-Medea borderline or CreteAreas eastern to previous line, given to Balkan alliesInstitution of Albanian stateBUT no distribution of liberated lands among winners

Balkan Wars2 nd Balkan War (June 1913 – July 1913 AD)Controversial parties: Serbia, Greece AGAINST BulgariaJuly 1913 AD - Treaty of Bucharest: Area of Skodra to Serbia Epirus, Macedonia & Aegean Islands to GreeceDefensive alliance between Greece & SerbiaArmed conflicts with Bulgarian groups in MacedoniaSystematic persecution of Greek population in Eastern Thrace by Turks

Heading to 1st Word War Movement of Greek & Turkish population groups in wider areaTwo great controversial alliances in Europe:Triple Alliance, among Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy (since 1882 AD) Triple Agreement (Entente Cordiale), among France, Great Britain & Russia (since 1898 AD) Basic issue: German expanding policy 1 st World War (1914-1918 AD)

Greece during 1st World War Unsettled diplomatic issues:Status of Aegean Islands Attribution of Southern Epirus to Albania, in spite of local Greek majority Question of involvement of Greece in Macedonian battle front (Serbia already fighting by Entente – Pressure by England & France ) Conflict between King Konstantinos (supporter of neutrality) & Venizelos (supporter of Entente)

Greece during 1st World War1914 AD: Final resignation of Venizelos1915 AD: Elections twice in that year  Violation of Constitution  Royalist governments till 1917 AD National Schism between supporters of Venizelos & supporters of King Konstantinos  Serious inner conflicts between these two political parties & their impact forces

Greece during 1st World War 1916 AD: Bulgarian invasion in Eastern Macedonia  Danger for ThessalonikiNaval blockade of Piraeus by British & French ships & armed conflicts in Athens Formation of National Defense Committee in Thessaloniki1916 AD: National Defense Coup & Formation of Revolutionary Government (Venizelos, Daglis, Kountouriotis) in Thessaloniki1917 AD: Dethronement of Konstantinos 1st  Ηis son Alexander as new King

Greece during 1 st World War 1919 AD: Treaty of Versailles  End of 1st World WarTreaties concerning Greece:Treaty of Neuilly (1919 AD)  Area between Evros & Nestos River (Western Thrace) given to Greece (by Bulgaria) – Exchange of Greek & Bulgarian minority population of wider area

Greece during 1st World War Treaty of Sevres (1920 AD)  Accomplishment of “Great Idea”:Western & Eastern Thrace (EXCEPT area close to Constantinople) & Aegean Islands given to Greece by Turkey Promise of Italy to give Dodecanese - except Rhodes & Kastellorizo - to GreeceTemporary Greek military occupation of zone around Smyrna, with dense & vivid Greek population  Planned referendum after 5 year on possible union with Greece THOUGH, Treaty of Sevres NEVER fully applied in action…

Political Scenery in Greece & Turkey Ottoman Empire in its decline  International attempt of all countries interested to gain areas or privileges in Ottoman EmpireSultan & many Ottoman areas & parts of infrastructure under close control of European ForcesTurkish sense of humiliation1908 AD: Young Turk (= Turkish nationalist reform party) Revolution, promising at first freedom & equality to all citizens of Ottoman Empire, but later purging (most powerful) minorities (e.g. Armenian Genocide)

Political Scenery in Greece & Turkey June 1919: Congress of Erzurum (Minor Asia), organized by Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)  Formation of Turkish National Congress 1920 AD: Dethronement of Sultan  Kemal as President of Turkish StateSince summer of 1918 AD: Request for independent Pontiac or Ponto-Armenian state  January 1920 AD: Institution of Ponto- Armenian Federation  Almost immediate dissolution by Young Turks

Political Scenery in Greece & Turkey Greek claims to: Northern Epirus, Thrace, Western coastline of Minor Asia and Aegean Islands (except Dodecanese), all areas with vivid Greek population Military contribution of Greece to war between European Forces & Russian Communists in Ukraine Persecution of Greek minority in Russia – Russian dislike for Greece

Political Scenery in Greece & TurkeyAttitude of European Forces: Exploitation of areas in Minor Asia (already)Wish of Great Britain & France to limit local Italian privileges Russian absence in political scenery, because of inner problemsGreek occupation of Smyrna’s area (  Treaty of Sevres – 1920 AD)

War in Minor AsiaEnthusiasm of local Greek minorityPolitical games among European ForcesSecret agreement between Kemal & RussiansAdvance of Greek Army further than agreed borders of Smyrna’s area (up to Afyonkarahisar), under influence of “Great Idea” & after encouragement of European Forces - Violent actions against population on both sides

War in Minor Asia 1920 AD: Unexpected defeat of Venizelos in elections, due to long- lasting war & to abuse of political power by some members of his party Return of King Constantinos 1 st  Dislike of European allies – Further political conflicts - Political & military mistakes  Problems in further organization of army in Minor AsiaCounter-attack of Kemal’s forcesAugust 1922 AD: Dispersal of Greek military lines  Retreat and rout of Greek Army

War in Minor Asia August – September 1922 AD: Great Fire of SmyrnaDevastation of Armenian & Greek villages & persecution & slaughter of population Capture & dispatch of all young men to Labor Battalions in Turkish inland (already in function since 1918)

War in Minor Asia More than 1.000.000 (Greek) refugees to Greece from Minor Asia, Eastern Thrace & PontusNew - mainly federal - political & social ideas Enforcement of Greek manpower with capable & hard working peopleInfluence on Greek cultural life BUT Financial disability of Greek state to satisfy refugees’ needs Frequent hostility & exploitation of refugees by locals

War in Minor Asia September 1922 AD: Coup of N. Plastiras Final expulsion of King Konstantinos 1 st  George 2nd (new King) November 1922 AD: Trial & execution of Six (= politicians & officers, concidered responsible for Minor Asia’s tragedy) Situation in Greece:Military defeatPolitical schismInternational isolationThreat of neighbor countriesSerious financial problemsNeed for relief of 1.000.000 refugees

War in Minor Asia July 1923 AD: Treaty of Lausanne, according to which: Western Thrace & Aegean Islands (except – under Italian occupation – Dodecanese) given to Greece Imbros , Tenedos & Eastern Thrace given to TurkeyExchange of population between Greece & Turkey – Exception of Greek minority in Constantinople, Imbros & Tenedos & Muslim minority in Western Thrace 1930 AD: Restoration of international name & affairs by Venizelos