CRITICAL PEACE IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL PUBLIC SPHERE
Description: CRITICAL PEACE IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL PUBLIC SPHERE Nicos Trimikliniotis (University of NicosiaSymfiliosi) - Dimitris Trimithiotis (University of CyprusSymfiliosi) Towards Critical Peace Studies Peace is not merely an absence of war
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slide1. CRITICAL PEACE IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL PUBLIC SPHERE Nicos Trimikliniotis (University of Nicosia/Symfiliosi) - Dimitris Trimithiotis (University of Cyprus/Symfiliosi)<br>
slide2. Towards Critical Peace Studies ‘Peace’ is not merely an ‘absence of war’ (Creighton and Shaw, 1987).
‘Peace’ a vague concept, but there are many different degrees, dimensions and levels of ‘peace’ (Ehrlich, 1987).
‘Peace’ unfolds in particular historical, social, political, economic and cultural contexts – gola: ‘peace among people’ – reconciliation (Ehrlich 2013b).
Great divide in social sciences: ‘Order-based’ Versus ‘conflict-based<br>
slide3. Critiques of Liberal Peace &Conflict Resolution: ethnic conflict-ridden societies Informed by neo-liberal economics: in austerity & crisis?
Conceived in geopolitical & spatial contexts, Western northern traditions >> then imposed on non-western regions.
Overlook ‘internal’ consequences suffered by ‘pacified spaces’ i.e invasive practices: ignore, orientalize, romanticize ‘other’.
Lack sociological & contextual historical depth; Suffer from: (a) Eurocentrism; (b) intellectual dependency c) exceptionalism.
CR paradigms from comparative political science. No sociology
Fragmentation, disciplinary specialisation disconnect the conflict from reconciliation processes. Superficial modelling rather than in-depth comparative sociological studies<br>
slide4. Alternative Envisioning: Toward Critical peace Ambitious project: pursued historically, globally and regionally.
‘World out of joint’ (Wallerstein) Current context: Multifaceted crisis (economic, political, social, hegemonic demise, etc.)
Collapse of post-cold war ‘liberal triumph’ produces fundamentalisms, violence and conflict zones threatening ‘stable and secure zones’.
Collapse of nation-states, welfare generates survival strategies.
Stimulating alternative peace models and processes - Must be studied & connected to their potentialities.<br>
slide5. How do we ‘restore’ societies torn by war, conflict and division? Fundamentally ‘successful’ peace-building, peace-keeping and ‘restoring’ societies in mainstream circles.
Rethink peace-building in terms of social transformation:
Read societies as dynamic spaces of struggles and contestation for betterment v. domination/exploitation
Understand peace within social struggles
The generation of new socialities: social forces developing social links, even in extreme situations
Digital materialities, social media and networks<br>
slide6. Restoring Cyprus: a society torn by war, conflict and division Eg.‘Intercommunal Killings in Cyprus’ (Loizos 1988)
20 years after the ‘logic’ of intercommunal violence: “collectivist, generalizing and non-specific”).
Sitas (2007): Conditions for genocidal killings & ‘ethnic cleansing’ 1963-1974 Cyprus present (M. Man The Dark side of Democracy,) yet did not occur such a scale. ‘Cypriot humanism’ = ‘ethic of reconciliation’?
2016 : 25% G/C have T/C friends (Psaltis 2016) & reconciliation & social media: emergence of new third space? Potential? Barriers (language, barbed wire, bureaucratic, ideological, everydayness etc)<br>
slide7. CP: Reshaping Public Spheres – ‘truth as a war casualty’ How do we generate a new public sphere that is open, seeking peace & cooperation [ ‘third space’, ‘ethic of reconciliation’ etc ]?
What about the legal and normative framework:
Professional issues, ethics and sanctions
Address forms of ethnic/communal censorship
Economic/political interests, ownership, control
The case of Cyprus: A new federal public sphere -generate confict transformation?<br>
slide8. Conflict transformation: Three conncected routes Frontal attack on definition of the nature of conflict & division: Against ‘ethnicizing’/, ‘national’ alignment - a political disagreement & de-ethnicisation
Contextualisation and relativisation
Transference towards social and other issues
Consequence: potential for new third spaces, but need to rethink public sphere.<br>
slide9. From Critical Peace to Critical Peace Journalism<br>
slide10. Peace Journalism a critical evaluation of Conflict Reporting
the criteria of news selection (Galtung and Vincent, 1993).
the mono-causality within journalistic descriptions of the origins and causes of conflicts (Schicha, 1999).
media focus attention on a conflict arena only when manifest violence is about to take place (Jakobsen, 2000). its limits
cultural/social pressures on the journalistic process
structural constrains which shape and limit the work of journalists a definition
PJ is a frame of journalistic news coverage which contributes to the process of making and keeping peace (Hanitzsch, 2004).<br>
slide11. Public Sphere and Conflict Transformation “Public Sphere” is the space in which social actors and groups of social actors deliberate about their common affairs (Habermas, 1991).
Participation in the Public Sphere of modern and mass societies is (in theory) empowered through media (Fraser, 1990)<br>
slide12. Public Sphere and Conflict Transformation in Cyprus News media in Cyprus contribute rather to maintain and reinforcing the conflict than to its’ resolution.
(Avramidou 2016; Bailie & Azgin 2008; Christophorou, Sahin & Pavlou 2010; Lyndon 2011, Trimikliniotis 2004; Trimithiotis 2009).<br>
slide13. Towards Digital Federal Public Sphere in Cyprus? only alternative media tends to promote such a public sphere
the thematic core remains the “Cyprus Problem”
mainly not bilingual but in English
the few bilingual provide different content in the two languages
the only exception is the online news portal of ΡΙΚ/KRYK/CYBC It seems rather as a third autonomous and separate sphere than a common and federal one…<br>
slide14. Thinking ahead: empirical potentialities Main hypothesis:
The formation of a (Digital) Federal Public Sphere is crucial in transcending ethnic conflict/hatred ideologies by establishing processes which enable to:
– redefine and challenge the conflict divisions
- contextualize and relativize the conflict
– transfer the conflict to other issues<br>
slide15. Instead of Concluding: empirical potentialities Research Questions
• What is the impact of the only mainstream online news media (CYBC) in terms of conflict resolution?
• In what extent and under what conditions other mainstream online news media could follow the example of CYBC?
• Is the audience of Cyprus interested in accessing news content in the media of the “other” site?
• Do online mainstream news media in Cyprus produce news and promote issues that could be interested for a bi-communal audience?
• In what extent and under what conditions they would be able to produce this type of news?<br>
slide16. Selected Bibliography Carpentier, N., Dahlgren, P., & Pasquali, F. (2013). Waves of media democratization A brief history of contemporary participatory practices in the media sphere. Convergence, 19(3), 287-294.
Carpentier, N., & Doudaki, V. (2014). Community media for reconciliation: A Cypriot case study. Communication, Culture & Critique, 7(4), 415-434.
Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social text, (25/26), 56-80.
Hanitzsch, T. (2004) Journalists as peacekeeping force? Peace journalism and mass communication theory, Journalism Studies, 5:4, 483-495, DOI: 10.1080/14616700412331296419
Milioni, D. L., Doudaki, V., & Demertzis, N. (2014). Youth, ethnicity, and a ‘reverse digital divide’ A study of Internet use in a divided country. Convergence, 20(3), 316-336.
Rodríguez, C., Ferron, B., & Shamas, K. (2014). Four challenges in the field of alternative, radical and citizens’ media research. Media, Culture & Society, 36(2), 150-166.
Rojas, H. (2010). “Corrective” actions in the public sphere: How perceptions of media and media effects shape political behaviors. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(3), 343-363.
Schäfer, M. S. (2015). Digital public sphere. The international encyclopedia of political communication.
Trimikliniotis, N., & Trimithiotis, D. (2017). Critical Peace in the Digital Era of Austerity and Crisis. Pedagogy, Politics and Philosophy of Peace: Interrogating Peace and Peacemaking, 81.
Trimithiotis, D. (2014). Why is the category of “pluralism” insufficient to describe the media sphere?. French Journal for Media Research, 1.
Vandendorpe, C. (2008). Reading on screen: The new media sphere. Siemens and Schreibman, 203-15.<br>
slide17. CRITICAL PEACE IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL PUBLIC SPHERE Nicos Trimikliniotis (University of Nicosia/Symfiliosi) - Dimitris Trimithiotis (University of Cyprus/Symfiliosi)<br>
slide2. Towards Critical Peace Studies ‘Peace’ is not merely an ‘absence of war’ (Creighton and Shaw, 1987).
‘Peace’ a vague concept, but there are many different degrees, dimensions and levels of ‘peace’ (Ehrlich, 1987).
‘Peace’ unfolds in particular historical, social, political, economic and cultural contexts – gola: ‘peace among people’ – reconciliation (Ehrlich 2013b).
Great divide in social sciences: ‘Order-based’ Versus ‘conflict-based<br>
slide3. Critiques of Liberal Peace &Conflict Resolution: ethnic conflict-ridden societies Informed by neo-liberal economics: in austerity & crisis?
Conceived in geopolitical & spatial contexts, Western northern traditions >> then imposed on non-western regions.
Overlook ‘internal’ consequences suffered by ‘pacified spaces’ i.e invasive practices: ignore, orientalize, romanticize ‘other’.
Lack sociological & contextual historical depth; Suffer from: (a) Eurocentrism; (b) intellectual dependency c) exceptionalism.
CR paradigms from comparative political science. No sociology
Fragmentation, disciplinary specialisation disconnect the conflict from reconciliation processes. Superficial modelling rather than in-depth comparative sociological studies<br>
slide4. Alternative Envisioning: Toward Critical peace Ambitious project: pursued historically, globally and regionally.
‘World out of joint’ (Wallerstein) Current context: Multifaceted crisis (economic, political, social, hegemonic demise, etc.)
Collapse of post-cold war ‘liberal triumph’ produces fundamentalisms, violence and conflict zones threatening ‘stable and secure zones’.
Collapse of nation-states, welfare generates survival strategies.
Stimulating alternative peace models and processes - Must be studied & connected to their potentialities.<br>
slide5. How do we ‘restore’ societies torn by war, conflict and division? Fundamentally ‘successful’ peace-building, peace-keeping and ‘restoring’ societies in mainstream circles.
Rethink peace-building in terms of social transformation:
Read societies as dynamic spaces of struggles and contestation for betterment v. domination/exploitation
Understand peace within social struggles
The generation of new socialities: social forces developing social links, even in extreme situations
Digital materialities, social media and networks<br>
slide6. Restoring Cyprus: a society torn by war, conflict and division Eg.‘Intercommunal Killings in Cyprus’ (Loizos 1988)
20 years after the ‘logic’ of intercommunal violence: “collectivist, generalizing and non-specific”).
Sitas (2007): Conditions for genocidal killings & ‘ethnic cleansing’ 1963-1974 Cyprus present (M. Man The Dark side of Democracy,) yet did not occur such a scale. ‘Cypriot humanism’ = ‘ethic of reconciliation’?
2016 : 25% G/C have T/C friends (Psaltis 2016) & reconciliation & social media: emergence of new third space? Potential? Barriers (language, barbed wire, bureaucratic, ideological, everydayness etc)<br>
slide7. CP: Reshaping Public Spheres – ‘truth as a war casualty’ How do we generate a new public sphere that is open, seeking peace & cooperation [ ‘third space’, ‘ethic of reconciliation’ etc ]?
What about the legal and normative framework:
Professional issues, ethics and sanctions
Address forms of ethnic/communal censorship
Economic/political interests, ownership, control
The case of Cyprus: A new federal public sphere -generate confict transformation?<br>
slide8. Conflict transformation: Three conncected routes Frontal attack on definition of the nature of conflict & division: Against ‘ethnicizing’/, ‘national’ alignment - a political disagreement & de-ethnicisation
Contextualisation and relativisation
Transference towards social and other issues
Consequence: potential for new third spaces, but need to rethink public sphere.<br>
slide9. From Critical Peace to Critical Peace Journalism<br>
slide10. Peace Journalism a critical evaluation of Conflict Reporting
the criteria of news selection (Galtung and Vincent, 1993).
the mono-causality within journalistic descriptions of the origins and causes of conflicts (Schicha, 1999).
media focus attention on a conflict arena only when manifest violence is about to take place (Jakobsen, 2000). its limits
cultural/social pressures on the journalistic process
structural constrains which shape and limit the work of journalists a definition
PJ is a frame of journalistic news coverage which contributes to the process of making and keeping peace (Hanitzsch, 2004).<br>
slide11. Public Sphere and Conflict Transformation “Public Sphere” is the space in which social actors and groups of social actors deliberate about their common affairs (Habermas, 1991).
Participation in the Public Sphere of modern and mass societies is (in theory) empowered through media (Fraser, 1990)<br>
slide12. Public Sphere and Conflict Transformation in Cyprus News media in Cyprus contribute rather to maintain and reinforcing the conflict than to its’ resolution.
(Avramidou 2016; Bailie & Azgin 2008; Christophorou, Sahin & Pavlou 2010; Lyndon 2011, Trimikliniotis 2004; Trimithiotis 2009).<br>
slide13. Towards Digital Federal Public Sphere in Cyprus? only alternative media tends to promote such a public sphere
the thematic core remains the “Cyprus Problem”
mainly not bilingual but in English
the few bilingual provide different content in the two languages
the only exception is the online news portal of ΡΙΚ/KRYK/CYBC It seems rather as a third autonomous and separate sphere than a common and federal one…<br>
slide14. Thinking ahead: empirical potentialities Main hypothesis:
The formation of a (Digital) Federal Public Sphere is crucial in transcending ethnic conflict/hatred ideologies by establishing processes which enable to:
– redefine and challenge the conflict divisions
- contextualize and relativize the conflict
– transfer the conflict to other issues<br>
slide15. Instead of Concluding: empirical potentialities Research Questions
• What is the impact of the only mainstream online news media (CYBC) in terms of conflict resolution?
• In what extent and under what conditions other mainstream online news media could follow the example of CYBC?
• Is the audience of Cyprus interested in accessing news content in the media of the “other” site?
• Do online mainstream news media in Cyprus produce news and promote issues that could be interested for a bi-communal audience?
• In what extent and under what conditions they would be able to produce this type of news?<br>
slide16. Selected Bibliography Carpentier, N., Dahlgren, P., & Pasquali, F. (2013). Waves of media democratization A brief history of contemporary participatory practices in the media sphere. Convergence, 19(3), 287-294.
Carpentier, N., & Doudaki, V. (2014). Community media for reconciliation: A Cypriot case study. Communication, Culture & Critique, 7(4), 415-434.
Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social text, (25/26), 56-80.
Hanitzsch, T. (2004) Journalists as peacekeeping force? Peace journalism and mass communication theory, Journalism Studies, 5:4, 483-495, DOI: 10.1080/14616700412331296419
Milioni, D. L., Doudaki, V., & Demertzis, N. (2014). Youth, ethnicity, and a ‘reverse digital divide’ A study of Internet use in a divided country. Convergence, 20(3), 316-336.
Rodríguez, C., Ferron, B., & Shamas, K. (2014). Four challenges in the field of alternative, radical and citizens’ media research. Media, Culture & Society, 36(2), 150-166.
Rojas, H. (2010). “Corrective” actions in the public sphere: How perceptions of media and media effects shape political behaviors. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(3), 343-363.
Schäfer, M. S. (2015). Digital public sphere. The international encyclopedia of political communication.
Trimikliniotis, N., & Trimithiotis, D. (2017). Critical Peace in the Digital Era of Austerity and Crisis. Pedagogy, Politics and Philosophy of Peace: Interrogating Peace and Peacemaking, 81.
Trimithiotis, D. (2014). Why is the category of “pluralism” insufficient to describe the media sphere?. French Journal for Media Research, 1.
Vandendorpe, C. (2008). Reading on screen: The new media sphere. Siemens and Schreibman, 203-15.<br>
slide17. CRITICAL PEACE IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL PUBLIC SPHERE Nicos Trimikliniotis (University of Nicosia/Symfiliosi) - Dimitris Trimithiotis (University of Cyprus/Symfiliosi)<br>