PDF-(BOOK)-Who’s Black and Why?: A Hidden Chapter from the Eighteenth-Century Invention

A fascinating if disturbing window onto the origins of racismPublishers WeeklyThe eighteenthcentury essays published for the first time in Whos Black and Why contain a world of ideastheories inventions and fantasiesabout what blackness is and what it means To read them is to witness European intellectuals in the age of the Atlantic slave trade struggling one after another to justify atrocityJill Lepore author of These Truths A History of the United StatesThe first translation and publication of sixteen submissions to the notorious eighteenthcentury Bordeaux essay contest on the cause of black skinan indispensable chronicle of the rise of scientifically based antiBlack racismIn 1739 Bordeauxs Royal Academy of Sciences announced a contest for the best essay on the sources of blackness What is the physical cause of blackness and African hair and what is the cause of Black degeneration the contest announcement asked Sixteen essays written in French and Latin were ultimately dispatched from all over Europe The authors ranged from naturalists to physicians theologians to amateur savants Documented on each page are European ideas about who is Black and whyLooming behind these essays is the fact that some four million Africans had been kidnapped and shipped across the Atlantic by the time the contest was announced The essays themselves represent a broad range of opinions Some affirm that Africans had fallen from Gods grace others that blackness had resulted from a brutal climate still others emphasized the anatomical specificity of Africans All the submissions nonetheless circulate around a common theme the search for a scientific understanding of the new concept of race More important they provide an indispensable record of the Enlightenmentera thinking that normalized the sale and enslavement of Black human beingsThese never previously published documents survived the centuries tucked away in Bordeauxs municipal library Translated into English and accompanied by a detailed introduction and headnotes written by Henry Louis Gates Jr and Andrew Curran each essay included in this volume lays bare the origins of antiBlack racism and colorism in the West. Haydn and Mozart in the 1780s and 1790s. Musical friendship and mutual admiration. Haydn. Serving . Nicholas Esterhazy to 1790. Increasing . fame and freedom to publish. Two . visits to London. — 1791–1792. ’. Lecture 1. Medicine, Disease and Society in Britain, 1750 - 1950. Lecture Outline. Components of the Medical . Marketplace. Medical . Practice. Contexts . and Structures of Medical . Practice (different . New aesthetic and stylistic values. Rejection . of concentration on single affects: . . “The rapidity with which the emotions change is common knowledge, for they are nothing but motion and restlessness. . . . The musician must therefore play a thousand different roles; he must assume a thousand characters as dictated by the composer.” (Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg (. Agenda:. 1. . . Art & Architecture. 2. . Review – will give out review packets tomorrow. HW: review information / outlines. Chapters 18, 19, 20 Test – FRIDAY. Eighteenth Century Art & Architecture. 18. th. Century. The present. (hello? 19. th. century? Are you in there?). 18. th. Century. The present. 1776 – Declaration of Independence. 1783 – Revolutionary War ends. 1787 – Constitution adopted. Introduction. Prepared by Dr. Hend Hamed. Assistant professor of English . literatre. . The long eighteenth century. The long eighteenth century was bracketed by two major upheavals in European history: . European States, International Wars, and Social Change. Overall Trends. 18. th. century = 1715-1789 (end of Louis XIV to French Revolution) . This also is the Enlightenment. . Last era of OLD ORDER based on kings, landed aristocracy, agrarian-based existence (3 estate system). Slave Societies. From Slavery to Freedom. 9. th. ed.. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. . 2. Shipment of African slaves to . South Carolina, 1769. Eighteenth-Century Slave Societies. Lecture 1: The eighteenth . century: an introduction. Class: . Thomas Gainsborough, ‘Mr and Mrs Andrews’, c.1750. aristocracy, landed gentry and an aspirant middle class - a culture of deference?. A decade after the Human Genome Project proved that human beings are not naturally divided by race, the emerging fields of personalized medicine, reproductive technologies, genetic genealogy, and DNA databanks are attempting to resuscitate race as a biological category written in our genes. In this provocative analysis, leading legal scholar and social critic Dorothy Roberts argues that America is once again at the brink of a virulent outbreak of classifying population by race. By searching for differences at the molecular level, a new race-based science is obscuring racism in our society and legitimizing state brutality against communities of color at a time when America claims to be post-racial.Moving from an account of the evolution of race—proving that it has always been a mutable and socially defined political division supported by mainstream science—Roberts delves deep into the current debates, interrogating the newest science and biotechnology, interviewing its researchers, and exposing the political consequences obscured by the focus on genetic difference. Fatal Invention is a provocative call for us to affirm our common humanity. A decade after the Human Genome Project proved that human beings are not naturally divided by race, the emerging fields of personalized medicine, reproductive technologies, genetic genealogy, and DNA databanks are attempting to resuscitate race as a biological category written in our genes. In this provocative analysis, leading legal scholar and social critic Dorothy Roberts argues that America is once again at the brink of a virulent outbreak of classifying population by race. By searching for differences at the molecular level, a new race-based science is obscuring racism in our society and legitimizing state brutality against communities of color at a time when America claims to be post-racial.Moving from an account of the evolution of race—proving that it has always been a mutable and socially defined political division supported by mainstream science—Roberts delves deep into the current debates, interrogating the newest science and biotechnology, interviewing its researchers, and exposing the political consequences obscured by the focus on genetic difference. Fatal Invention is a provocative call for us to affirm our common humanity. Even though there were relatively few people of color in postrevolutionary France, images of and discussions about black women in particular appeared repeatedly in a variety of French cultural sectors and social milieus. In Vénus Noire, Robin Mitchell shows how these literary and visual depictions of black women helped to shape the country\'s postrevolutionary national identity, particularly in response to the trauma of the French defeat in the Haitian Revolution.Vénus Noire explores the ramifications of this defeat in examining visual and literary representations of three black women who achieved fame in the years that followed. Sarah Baartmann, popularly known as the Hottentot Venus, represented distorted memories of Haiti in the French imagination, and Mitchell shows how her display, treatment, and representation embodied residual anger harbored by the French. Ourika, a young Senegalese girl brought to live in France by the Maréchal Prince de Beauvau, inspired plays, poems, and clothing and jewelry fads, and Mitchell examines how the French appropriated black female identity through these representations while at the same time perpetuating stereotypes of the hypersexual black woman.Finally, Mitchell shows how demonization of Jeanne Duval, longtime lover of the poet Charles Baudelaire, expressed France\'s need to rid itself of black bodies even as images and discourses about these bodies proliferated. The stories of these women, carefully contextualized by Mitchell and put into dialogue with one another, reveal a blind spot about race in French national identity that persists in the postcolonial present. Covering major ship types (warships and merchant) of Europe, the Mediterranean, Middle East and Asia, this study comments on the development and significant features of each 18th-century rig. It is complemented by detailed plans and descriptions, and extensive tables of rigging dimensions. Covering major ship types (warships and merchant) of Europe, the Mediterranean, Middle East and Asia, this study comments on the development and significant features of each 18th-century rig. It is complemented by detailed plans and descriptions, and extensive tables of rigging dimensions.