Chapter 12: Infection Control - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 12: Infection Control

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Learning Goals:

Understand principles of infection control are essential to all healthcare workers

Provide a basic knowledge of how disease is transmittedMain emphasis on prevention of disease

Understanding the Principles of Infection Control

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Microbes – small living organisms

Invisible to the naked eye

Microscope must be used to see themFound everywhere in the environmentFound on and in the human bodyMany are part of the normal Flora of body

May be beneficial in maintaining body processes

Flora – plant life for living in a specific environment

Microorganisms or Microbes

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Called non-pathogens when not harmful to the body

Some cause infections and disease

Called pathogens (germs) when able to harm the bodySometimes non-pathogenic microorganisms can become pathogenic

Microorganisms or Microbes (continued)

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BacteriaProtozoa

Fungi

RickettsiaeVirusesMicrobe Classifications

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Simple one celled organismMultiply rapidly

Classified by shape and arrangement

Bacteria

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Round or spherical in shapeDiplococcic (pairs of cocci)

Gonorrhea, meningitis, pneumonia

Streptococci (chain of cocci)Strep throat, rheumatic feverStaphylococci (clusters, or groups of cocci)Boils, wound infections, toxic shock

Pus producing

Bacteria - Cocci

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Rod ShapedOccur singly, in pairs or in chains

May have flagella (tail-like)

Projections that allow it to moveAbility to form sporesEx: TB, tetanus, whooping cough, typhoid

Bacteria - Bacilli

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Spiral or corkscrew shape

Includes comma-shaped vibrio and corkscrew spirochete

Disease include syphilis and cholera(Vibrio- common in food borne infection, eating under cooked seafood)

Bacteria - Spirilla

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Used to kill bacteria

Some strains of bacteria have become anti-biotic resistant

When anti-biotic resistant, the antibiotic is no longer effective against the bacteriaAntibiotics

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One celled, animal like organismFound in decayed materials and contaminated water

May have flagella for movement

Some are pathogenic (infectious agent leading to sickness in host)

Protozoa

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Simple plant like organism

Live on dead and organic matter

Yeast and moldsCan be pathogenicAntibiotics do not killAntifungal medications Athlete’s foot, yeast infections

Fungi

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Parasitic Microorganisms

Can not live outside cells of another organism

Transmitted to humans by the bites of insects (ie: fleas, lice, ticks, mites) Antibiotics are effective against themTyphus fever, Rocky mountain spotted fever - tick borne disease that can be fatal in humans

Rickettsiae

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Smallest of microorganismMust use electron microscope to see

Must be inside another living cell to reproduce

Spread human to human by blood or body secretionsDifficult to killDon’t respond to antibioticsResistant to disinfectants

Cause many diseases in humans – Hepatitis & AIDS

Viruses

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Ideal environment: warm, dark, moist

Need source of food and moisture

Need for oxygen variesHuman body is ideal supplier of all requirements

Growth of Microorganisms

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Some produce poisons called toxins

Some cause allergic reactions

Others attack and destroy the living cells they invadeHow Pathogens Cause Classifications of

Infection and Disease Diseases and Infections

Endogenous – originates inside body

Exogenous – originates outside of body

Nosocomial – Infection inquired in Healthcare facility

Opportunistic – Infections that occur when the body’s immunity is suppressed or weak

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Chain of infection

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Causative

(Infectious) agent

Pathogen must be present

Examples include bacteria

Reservoir

Place where causative agent can live

Examples: human body, animals and the environment

Portal of Exit

Way for causative agent to escape from the reservoir

Examples: urine, feces, saliva, blood, tears, mucous discharge, sexual secretions and draining wounds

Chain of Infection …

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4. Mode of Transmission

Must be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live

Direct Contact: spread by physical (hands) or sexual contact

Indirect Contact: from contaminated substances to the person (food, air droplets, insects, clothing, instruments

5. Portal of Entry

Way to enter a new reservoir or host

Examples: breaks in skin or mucous membranes, respiratory tract, circulatory system, genitourinary tract

Chain of Infection …

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6. Susceptible Host

Individual who can contract the disease

If a larger number of pathogens invade the body or the body defenses are weak, then the individual (susceptible host) can become sick with infection or disease

If any part of the

chain of infection is broken, the spread of disease or

i

nfection can be stopped

Chain of Infection …

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Mucous MembranesCilia

Coughing & Sneezing

HCL (hydrochloric acid) in stomachTearsFeverInflammation response – leukocytesImmune response – antibodies and cell secretion

Common Body Defenses

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Eliminate any step in the

chain of infection

Follow standard practices to interrupt or break chainRemember pathogens are everywherePrevention is a continuous process

Ending the Chain of Infection

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Major way to break the chain of infection

Asepsis

: absence of disease-producing microorganisms or pathogensContaminated: any object or area that may contain pathogensMajor Goal

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maintaining cleanliness and eliminating or preventing contaminations

Aseptic Techniques

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Hand Washing

Good personal Hygiene

Disposable glovesProper cleaning of instruments and equipmentThorough cleaning of environment

Common Aseptic Techniques

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Prevent or slow growth of pathogenic organisms

Not effective against spores and viruses

Used on skinExamples: Alcohol and betadineAseptic Control: Antisepsis

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Destroys or kills pathogenic organisms

Not always effective

Chemical disinfectants are usedCan irritate or damage skinUsed on objects not peopleExamples : Bleach solution

Aseptic Control: Disinfection

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Destroys all microorganismsSteam under pressure, gas radiation and chemicals

Autoclave is the most common

Aseptic Control: Sterilization

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Important for healthcare workers to know and use proper aseptic techniques

Prevents spread and transmission of diseases

Summary