Development of veins Agnes - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Development of veins

Agnes

Nemeskeri

2018

Department

of

Anatomy

,

Histology

and

Embryology

Clinical

Anatomy

Research

Laboratory

nemeskeri.agnes

@

med.semmelweis-univ.hu

Slide2

The cardiovascular system is the

first organ system

to

develop in the human embryo, and the heart begins to beat by day 23 of embryonic development.

Modifications – to result in fetal circulation connected to placentarestructuring of vesselsanastomoses formvessels disappearcapillaries fuse to form arteries and veinsdirection of blood flow reverse severel times

endothelial

cells

do

not

synthesize

basal

lamina

in

regions

of

remodelling

in

regions

with

active

angiogenesis

Slide3

Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

Vasculogenesis

-in situ differentiation of endothelial cells to

form blood vessels - only in a limited period in early embryonic development - first circulatory elements develop in extraembryonic tissues- capillary network is first laid down along the course of each vessel

- larger arteries and veins

are

defined

by selection and enlargement of definite paths in this network

Angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels via extension or remodeling of already existing blood vessels - during development and in adulthood

extraembryonic

intraembryonic

Slide4

Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_DeSesso/publication/309620633/figure/fig2/AS:492857233547265@1494517729880/Vasculogenesis-and-Angiogenesis-Illustrations-of-vasculogenesis-left-column-of-images.jpg

Slide5

Extraembryonic vasculogenesis

-

Extraembryonic

vasculogenesis precedes intraembryonic vascular development

in mammals is first apparent: as blood islands assembling within the mesodermal layer of the yolk sacallantoisyolk sac

primitive

streak

p

ara-aortic

splanchnopleurablood island- loose inner mass ofembryonic hematopoietic precursors

- and an outer luminal layer of

angioblastsh

uman yolk sac endoderm

http://images.slideplayer.com/15/4851551/slides/slide_14.jpg

Mechanisms of Endothelial Differentiation

in

Embryonic

Vasculogenesis

J.E. Ferguson III, Rusty W. Kelley, Cam Patterson

Slide6

Extraembryonic vasculogenesis

(de

novo

)Vascular stem cells and progenitors Lipnik Karoline Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research Medical University of Vienna Lazarettgasse

19.Blood islands eventually coalesce into a functional vascular network that constitutes the vitelline

circulation

,

to

transfer nutrients from

the yolk sac to the embryo

properrecent evidence indicates that extraembryonic blood vessels may also arise via direct differentiation

of

angioblasts from mesoderm

Vessels arising via

yolk sac

vasculogenesis

communicate

with the fetal circulation via the

vitelline

vein

Mechanisms of Endothelial Differentiation

in

Embryonic

Vasculogenesis

J.E

. Ferguson III, Rusty W. Kelley, Cam Patterson

-

De

novo extraembryonic

vasculogenesis

also occurs in

the

allantois

, a structure responsible for the

induction of

placenta

l

development and for the formation of the

umbilical vessels

-

vessels in

the allantois

make contact

with the chorion to facilitate the formation of the

maternal–fetal

circulation.

Slide7

http://slideplayer.com/8108803/25/images/4/Yolk+sac+mesenchyme+cells.+blood+islands.+Central+C+Peripheral+C.+Primitive+Blood+cell+Endothelial+C..jpg

Slide8

Intraembryonic vasculogenesis

-

endocardium

and great vessels are the

first intraembryonic endothelial structures - endocardium originates from migrating angioblasts derived from presomitic cranial mesodermto pericardial area to form a vascular plexus adjacent to the developing myocardium

simultaneous to heart development, vasculogenesis

is

initiated within the

aortic primordia - a collection of mesoderm lateral to the midline differentiating

angioblasts assemble into primary vascular networks, which are then remodeled in a bidirectional fashion to generate the bilateral embryonic aortae - to give rise to the dorsal aortae and the cardinal veins- this region, later termed the para-aortic splanchnopleure

(PAS), - aorta-gonad-mesonephros

(AGM) region - “hot-spot” for hematovascular differentiation during development

- first secreted molecule with specificity for the endothelium

during development is vascular endothelial

growth

factor

(

VEGF)

-

role of VEGF family members

in

developmental

and adult angiogenesis is now well-described

transcription

factor

hypoxiainducible

factor

1(HIF-1)

play

s

crucial

role

in sensing changes in tissue oxygen tension

and stimulating

gene

expression changes that enhance blood

vessel

growth

into hypoxic tissues during post-gastrulation development

Slide9

Vessel

fate

fate of arterial, venous and lymphatic vessels

- are in part genetically determined early before circulation and during the fusion of blood islands in the yolk sac - molecules such as ephrins, ephrin receptors, neuropilin receptors, and type-A plexins serve as markers for arterial

and venous identity -

appear

well before the structuring of tube-like

vessels

Slide10

Vessel

fate

-Angioblasts

initially assemble into the primitive Dorsal Aorta subsequently, heterogeneous populations of Endothelial Cells expressing arterial or venous molecular markers (arterial- or

venous-fated) co-habitate

the primitive D

orsal

Aortavenous-fated E

ndothelial Cells segregate from the primitive Dorsal Aorta and participate in the formation of the Cardinal

Vein, in a process requiring

ephrin B2/

EphB4 signaling, leading to the definitive D

orsal Aorta

uniformly exhibiting

arterial

specification

.

http://www.multibriefs.com/briefs/navbo/arteriovenousspecification.jpg

Angiopoietin

(Ang1, Ang2)

 is part of a family of vascular 

growth factors

 that play a role in embryonic and postnatal 

angiogenesis

Slide11

Week four: SYMMETRY

The fetal venous system, Part I: normal

embryology,

anatomy, hemodynamics,

ultrasound evaluation and Doppler investigationS. YAGEL, Z. KIVILEVITCH, S. M. COHEN, D. V. VALSKY, B. MESSING, O. SHEN and R. ACHIRONUmbilical Veins drain the chorion

V

itelline

V

eins

drain the yolk sacCardinal Veins drain the body of the embryo.All three pairs

of veins open

to the right and left horn of the sinus

venosus

at this stage the liver buds begin to develop from the ventral endodermal wall of the

foregut

t

hese

cells

invade

mesenchymal

tissue, called the

septum

transversum

U

mbilical

V

ein

s

a

nterior

cardinal

vein

s

V

itelline

V

ein

s

Slide12

5 – 8 weeks of gestation

The fetal venous system, Part I: normal

embryology,

anatomy, hemodynamics,

ultrasound evaluation and Doppler investigationS. YAGEL, Z. KIVILEVITCH, S. M. COHEN, D. V. VALSKY, B. MESSING, O. SHEN and R. ACHIRON- liver cords growing into the septum transversum - interrupt the cranial portion

of both vitelline (first)

and

umbilical

veins (day 32) between the liver and the heart with

an extensive vascular network – the hepatic sinusoidsvitelline anastomoses

Slide13

5–8 weeks of development

The fetal venous system, Part I: normal

embryology,

anatomy,

hemodynamics, ultrasound evaluation and Doppler investigationS. YAGEL, Z. KIVILEVITCH, S. M. COHEN, D. V. VALSKY, B. MESSING, O. SHEN and R. ACHIRONthe asymmetric stage with intrahepatic

umbilico–portal–ductus venosus anastomosis

m

ain

portal

vein

duodenum

l

eft

and right portal veins

l

eft

ant

.

cardinal

vein

l

eft

ant

.

cardinal

vein

h

epatocardiac

segment

of inferior v. cava

Left

proximal

vitelline

vein

disappears

Right

proximal

vitelline

vein

give

rise

to

hepatocardiac

segment

of inferior v. cava

Distal

sections

of

vitelline

veins

become

portal

vein

Other

segments

disappear

Hepatic

vein

d

uctus venosus

-joining

of

hepatic

sinusoids

-draining

into

IVC

Slide14

Changes in umbilical veins

at

5-8 weeks

changes of vitelline veins are accompanied by changes in umbilical veinsEntire right umbilical vein diappearsCranial segment of left umbilical vein

disappears

left

left

right

left

U

mbilical

V

ein

becomes

-

dominant

conduit of blood

from

placenta

left

umbilical

vein

8th week

intrahepatic

portion of the

V

itelline

V

ein

(

left

portal

branch

)

,

forms an

anastomosis

between

the intrahepatic segment of the

left

U

mbilical

V

ein

a

nd

forms

an

anastomosis

with

ductus venosus

m

ain

portal

vein

d

uctus venosus

left

umbilical

vein

h

epatocardiac

segment

of inferior v. cava

from

right

vitelline

vein

Slide15

Cardinal veins,

subcardinal

and supracardinal veins

https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0090429599000072-gr1.jpg- anterior and posterior Cardinal Veins drain the embryo body, draining

the cranial and caudal parts of

the body

b

oth

veins empty into the

Common Cardinal Veins – the third venous system entering the sinus

venosus

of the embryonic heart

as

the

embryo

is

growing

in

size

,

cardinal

veins

are

supplemented

by

a

range

of

bilateral

longitudinal

venous

channels

that

anastomose

with

posterior

cardinal

system

and

with

each

other

:

subcardinal

,

supracardinal

Slide16

Cardinal veins,

subcardinal

and supracardinal veinshttps://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/3-s2.0-B9780123695154500053-f02-01-9780123695154.jpg

Slide17

Fate of

Cardinal

veins, subcardinal and supracardinal veins

-left subcardinal vein-subcardinal anastomosis-left

supracardinal vein

-left

posterior

cardinal vein

-iliac anastomosis of posteror cardinal veins-sub-supracardinal anastomosis

(

renal

collar)

From the 5th week the

posterior

cardinal

branches

are

obliterated

- o

nly

the most

caudal part persists

giving

rise to the

common iliac vein

-

and

most caudal segment

of

I

nferior

V

ena

C

ava

:

sacral

segment

-left

anterior

cardinal

vein

-left

common

cardinal

vein

Slide18

Fate

of

Cardinal

veins, subcardinal and supracardinal veins-left subcardinal vein-subcardinal anastomosis

-left

posterior

cardinal vein-iliac anastomosis

of posteror cardinal veinshepatocardiac segment of inferior v. cava (VV)

From the 5th week the

posterior

cardinal

branches

are

obliterated

- o

nly

the most

caudal part persists

giving

rise to the

common iliac vein

-

and

most caudal segment

of

I

nferior

V

ena

C

ava

:

sacral

segment

-left

anterior

cardinal

vein

-left

common

cardinal

vein

anastomosis

between

anterior

cardinal

veins

Slide19

Fate of subcardinal

veins

, cardinal veins, and

supracardinal veinshepatocardiac segment of inferior v. cava (VV)

subcardinal vein

s

form

in the

ventromedial parts of mesonephric ridges (5-7 weeks)become

connected

to

postcardinal veins

by a

number

of

vessels

d

rainage

of

mesonephros

By

the

8

th

–

9

th

week

-

the

proximal left

subcardinal

vein

obliterates

and

connects with the right

branch

:

renal–hepatic

(suprarenal) segment

of

the IVC

-

anastomosis

between

the

subcardinal

veins

forms

:

proximal

part of

left

renal

vein

-subcardinal

anastomosis

gonadal

veins

-sub-supracardinal

anastomosis

(

renal

segment

)

Slide20

Fate of supracardinal

veins

, cardinal veins, andsubcardinal

- supracardinal

veins form

dorsolateral

to

the aorta-

supracardinal veins drain the thoracic wall and the iliac veins - inferior portion of the

left

supracardinal

vein

obliterates

-

and

connects to the right

subcardinal

vein,

-

forming

the

sacrorenal

(prerenal) segment of the

IVC

-

superior

segment

of the

supracardinal

vein

is

divided

:

-

into

the

left branch, called the

hemiazygos

vein

,

which forms

a

cross anastomosis to the right

branch

:

called the

azygos

vein

,

which

drains into the superior vena

cava

-sub-supracardinal

anastomosis

(

renal

segment

)

p

ostrenal

segment

prerenal

segment

renal

vein

gonadal

vein

Slide21

Superior and

inferior

vena cava

proximal left anterior Cardinal Vein

-regresses

and

disconnects

from the sinus venosus

-a shunt to the right anterior Cardinal Vein

is form

ed:

left brachiocephalic

vein

-

right anterior

C

ardinal

V

ein

is

transformed into

:

right

brachiocephalic

vein

-

segment

between the junction of the left and right

brachiocephalic veins and the right atrium develops

meanwhile

into

:

S

uperior

V

ena

C

ava

-right

common

cardinal

vein

-proximal

part of right anterior

cardinal

vein

– coronary sinus

oblique

vein

-

left

sinus

horn

Slide22

Known

molecular markers of the arterial and venous

endothelium

Arterial endothelial cells

Venous endothelial cellsMouse ephrin-B2, neuropilin-1, connexin-4, Bmx5 EphB4 Notch1, Delta-like4, Jagged1

Slide23

Origin

of the

Cardinal Vein- new insight on the origin of the

Cardinal Vein -likelihood of aortic and extra-aortic sources, -helps to explain the historical controversies regarding this process - Dorsal Aorta harbors Endothelial Cells that form the Cardinal Vein -it has been shown that the Cardinal Vein

transiently contains a subpopulation of precursor Endothelial

C

ell

s

that give rise to the lymphatic vasculature (Wigle and Oliver, 1999; Karkkainen et al., 2004)

Slide24

Malformations in

the

venous system

CT scan showing the double infrarenal cava andits union crossing the left in front of the aorta.

Slide25

Left superior vena cava

aorta

pulmonary

trunk

lung

ductus

arteriosus

left

auricle

coronary sinus

left

brachiocephalic

vein

left SVC

right SVC

left

pulmonary

vein

Slide26

Slide27

ReferencesGray’s

Anatomy

2009Langman’s Medical Embryology 2016

Slide28

Slide29

Cardinal veins, subcardinal

and

supracardinal

veins

https://radiologykey.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/A302553_1_En_26_Fig2_HTML.jpg

Slide30

https://accesscardiology.mhmedical.com/data/books/1782/dieven_ch29_f004.png

Slide31

Extraembryonic

vasculogenesis

Angiopoietin

(Ang1, Ang2)

 is part of a family of vascular growth factors that play a role in embryonic and postnatal angiogenesisLipnik KarolineMedical University of Vienna