Clinical Biochemistry BSCOC 507 D Unit1 Prepared by Dipesh Parikh Assistant Professor Neotech College of Applied Science amp Research Neotech Technical Campus Vadodara Clinical biochemistry Introduction ID: 931678
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BiochemistryT.Y.B.Sc. (Semester- V)Clinical Biochemistry (BSCOC 507 D)
Unit-1
Prepared by:Dipesh ParikhAssistant ProfessorNeotech College of Applied Science & Research,Neotech Technical Campus, Vadodara
Slide2Clinical biochemistry - IntroductionClinical biochemistry is the branch of applied biochemistry that deals with chemical and biochemical analysis of body fluids to study the disease.
Slide3Major causes of disease Infectious disease caused byBacteriaVirus
parasiteFungiChromosomal abnormalityMetabolic disease
Autoimmune disorder
Nutrition imbalance
Hormone imbalance
Toxins/ poisons
Environmental factors
Slide4Correlation of biochemical pathways with disease development Life depends on the biochemical reactions occur in living organism
Health depends on the integration, accuracy and harmony of all the biochemical reactions occurring in a living organism.Most of the diseases occur due to abnormalities in the biochemical processes.
Slide5Phenylketonuria( PKU)PKU is the most common metabolic disorder of amino acid metabolism.
It is due to the deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.Phenylalanine hydroxylase converts phenylalanine into tyrosineDeficiency of the phenylalanine hydroxylase resulting into the accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolites (i.e. phenyl acetate, phenyl pyruvate), in the body and excreted into urine.
Excretion of Phenylacetate in urine imparts a characteristic odor to the urine
Slide6Clinical and biochemical manifestations of PKUImpairs normal development of the brain- causing mental retardation in early lifeAccumulation of phenylalanine impairs melanin formation by competitively inhibiting tyrosinase enzyme responsible for formation of melanin from tyrosine.Treatment: If PKU is recognized early in infancy, mental retardation can be prevented by strictly controlling diet:
Restriction to protein-rich foodsphenylalanine and tyrosine should be added into diet only to the amount that meets the requirement for protein synthesis.
Slide7Blood: Physical characteristics Blood is a fluid connective tissue.Red in
color pH: 7.4Volume: about 5 L in healthy adult of 70 kgMore viscous than water
Slide8Blood: General compositionBlood is consists of 55% of plasma and 45% of blood cells.Plasma is consists of
92% of water8% solid which contains plasma proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen), amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, nitrogenous waste, enzymes, hormonesinorganic ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride etc)
respiratory gases
Slide9Blood cells are: 1. Red Blood Cells (erythrocyte)Normal range: 4.8 million / cu mm of blood in female, 5.4 million/ cu mm of blood in male
Biconcave shaped, 7-8 μm in diameter, without nuclei
Life span 120 daysFunction: transport oxygen2. Platelets (thrombocytes) Normal range: 150,000 – 400,000 / cu mm of blood
Without nucleus
2-4
μ
m in diameter
Function: require for coagulation of blood
Source:
Principles of anatomy and physiology,
Twelfth Edition,
by Gerard J. Tortora and Bryan
Derrickson
Slide103. White Blood Cells (leucocyte) Normal range: 5000 – 10,000 / cu mm of bloodFunction: give protection against infection
Agranulocyte
Lymphocyte (20% - 25%)Monocytes (3% - 8%)Granulocyte
Neutrophils (60% - 70%)Eosinophils (2% - 4%)Basophils (0.5% - 1%)
Source:
Principles of anatomy and physiology,
Twelfth Edition,
by Gerard J. Tortora and Bryan
Derrickson
Slide11Functions of bloodTransportation of O2
from the lungs to the tissues and of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs during respirationTransportation of absorbed food materials to different tissuesTransportation of metabolic waste to the lungs, intestine, kidneys, skin for their elimination from the body in the process of excretion
Transportation of hormones for metabolic regulation
Slide12Functions of blood cont…
Maintenance of water balance in the bodyRegulation of acid-base balance Regulation of body temperature by the distribution of heatWBCs provide protection against infection
Platelets – for coagulation of blood
Slide13C.S.FCSF - Cerebrospinal fluidCSF is a clear, colorless
fluid that circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord and subarachnoid space.CSF is the part of extracellular fluid.
Slide14Composition of C.S.F
Source: Essentials of Medical Physiology,
Sixth Edition by K Sembulingam and Prema Sembulingam Volume: 150 mlAlkaline in nature0.3 ml/ min – rate of formation of CSF
Contains more sodium than potassium as it is the part of ECF.Contains some lymphocytesCells are absent in CSF secreted by ventricles
Lymphocytes are added in CSF of spinal cord
Slide15Functions of CSF acts as fluid buffer and protects brain from shock
acts as cushion to protect brain from mechanical damageMedium for the exchange of nutritive substances (like glucose and amino acids) as well as waste products between blood and brainRegulates the cranial content volume
Slide16LymphWhen blood is passing from blood capillaries, blood plasma is filtered out into the interstitial fluid and reabsorbed. Excess amount of fluid passes into the lymph capillaries and becomes lymph.
Lymph is clear, colorless fluid.It consists of 96% of water and 4% of solid.
Slide17Composition of lymph
Source: Essentials of Medical Physiology,
Sixth Edition by K Sembulingam and Prema Sembulingam
Slide18Functions of LymphReturns fluid from tissue space into the blood circulation.
Absorption of fat from small intestineLymphocytes provide immunityBacteria, toxins and other foreign molecules are filtered from tissue spaces via lymphLymph flow maintains structural and functional integrity of tissue
Slide19Composition of normal urine
Volume: 1 to 1.5 L /dayColor: Yellow or straw color. pH: slightly acidic (4.5 – 6)Odor: light aromatic odor of fresh urine. Upon standing becomes ammonia-like
Specific gravity: 1.010 to 1.025. Osmolarity: 1200 mOsm/LAppearance: Transparent when freshly voided(mM/day)Source: Essentials of Medical Physiology, Sixth Edition by K
Sembulingam and Prema Sembulingam
Slide20Abnormal Constituents in UrineGlucosuria- presence of glucose in the urine, indicates diabetes mellitus
Albuminuria - presence of excessive albumin in the urine.Hematuria - presence of erythrocyte (red blood cells) in the urine
Ketonuria – presence of high amount of ketone bodies in the urine
Slide21Abnormal Constituents in Urine cont…
Bilirubinuria - presence of high level of bilirubin in urineMicrobes found in urinary tract infectionsThe most common fungus Candida albicans
found in urine in vaginitisThe protozoan- Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of urethritis in males & vaginitis in females
Slide22References Harper’s illustrated Biochemistry - Robrert. K. Murray.
Human Biochemistry -James. M. Orten&Otto.W.Neuhaus. Biochemistry by clinical correlation by Devlin. Principles of anatomy and physiology, Twelfth Edition by Gerard J. Tortora and Bryan
DerricksonEssentials of Medical Physiology, Sixth Edition by K Sembulingam and Prema Sembulingam