History of Medicine and Pharmacy - PowerPoint Presentation

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History of Medicine and Pharmacy

Chapter 1

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Ancient and Nineteenth-Century Medicine

Discuss ancient beliefs of illness and medicine from 440 BC through AD 1600.

List common ancient treatments that prevailed in Western civilization.

Describe nineteenth-century medicine and identify influences that major wars had on medicine.

Describe the wide use of opium and the problems surrounding opium use.Differentiate between opiates and opioids.

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Lesson 1.1

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Ancient Beliefs and Treatments

Medicine has been practiced for thousands of years

Remedies such as

herbals

have been used throughout historySevere illnesses: Believed to be caused by evil spirits 3

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Ancient Beliefs and Treatments

Many popular beliefs and practices have disappeared

Trephining

: A cut made into the skull to give disease a portal through which to leave

Tribal shamans (medicine men): Believed to be able to communicate with spirits 4

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Medical Staff

Asclepius: Greek God of healing

Symbol: Wingless staff with one snake wrapped around it; the formal symbol of medicine

Caduceus

: Usually has two wings at the top, and also two intertwined snakesOften mistakenly used as the symbol of medicine 5

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Medicine in Its Infancy

Plagues killed thousands of people

Microbes: Unknown

Prayer was the most common form of treatment, and remains so in many cultures

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Medicine in Its Infancy

Hippocrates: Third-generation physician (460-357 BC)

Believed life consisted of a balance of four elements linked to qualities of good health:

Wet, dry, hot, cold

Illnesses resulted from imbalance of the body system’s four humors: Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile 7

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Medicine in Its Infancy

The four body system humors were linked to the four basic elements:

Blood = air

Phlegm = water

Yellow bile = fireBlack bile = earthTreatments to rebalance the humors: Bloodletting, laxatives 8

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Hippocrates

Responsible for advancements in medicineObservations included effects of food and climate

First physician to record patient’s medical illnesses

Promoted kindness to the sick, rest, and eating light

foods 9

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Hippocrates

Corpus Hippocratum

: Collection of books that document Hippocrates’ teachings

Hippocratic Oath

: “Doctors act only for the good of their patients and keep confidential what they learn about their patients”Known as the father of medicine 10

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Aristotle

Greek philosopher and scientistResponsible for many advances in biology and medicine

Studied and classified various organisms

Described human anatomy from observations after dissecting

animals 11

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Claudius Galen

Followed many of Hippocrates’ beliefs, such as eating a balanced diet, exercise, and good hygiene

Contributed greatly to the study of medicine

Wrote on topics such as physiology, anatomy, pathology, diagnosis, and pharmacology

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Roger Bacon and Paracelsus

Roger Bacon: Philosopher and alchemist

Refined and explained the importance of the experimental methods

Paracelsus

: Swiss physician and alchemistBelieved in treating illnesses with one medication at a timeProduced many nontoxic medicationsIntroduced laudanum, a popular tonic for deadening pain 13

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Ancient Herbal Remedies

Prevalent treatments: Multiple mixtures of plants, roots, and other concoctions

Common belief: Digesting a type of plant resembling the diseased organ cured the

illness

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Ancient Herbal Remedies

Prevalent treatments:Garlic for inflammation of bronchial tubes

Liverwort plant for liver problems

Wine and pepper for stomach ailments

Onions for wormsTiger fat for joint pain 15

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Ancient Herbal Remedies

People believed evil spirits caused disease

Treatments were by trial and error: Some were effective; some caused death

New approaches to science emerged, and new methods were devised to test hypotheses; these produced advances in

medicine 16

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Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century Medicine

Bloodletting: Used to lessen excess bodily fluids, thought to cause illness

Also used as a preventive measure

Involved

leeches or venesectionMedical schools were formed in Europe, especially in France and Germany 17

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Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century Medicine

Religious leaders became very active in researching medicinal remedies to treat the sick

Gregor

Mendel

(famous scientist and monk): Laid the foundation for genetics and how genes are woven into heredityKnown as the father of genetics 18

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North American Medicine

Early America: New immigrants brought diseases from other parts of the world

Doctors: Responsible for diagnosing conditions and preparing remedies to cure patients

First druggists were

doctors 19

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North American Medicine

Early American remedies:Cinchona bark (quinine): Malaria

Mercury: Syphilis (very toxic and caused deaths)

Average life expectancy: 40 years

Childhood diseases: No vaccines availableMost treatments: Concoctions handed down through family tradition 20

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Opium and Alcohol

Laudanum

Most popular tonic for medicinal use

Given as a sedative to dull pain

Used to treat painful wounds during Civil WarHousehold use: Less severe problems and depressionCaused addiction at alarming rateAbsinthe: Alcohol-based liquid; herb mixed with alcohol and served with water and sugar; treatment for tapeworms 21

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Origin of Opium and Opiates

Opium: Byproduct of

Papaver

somniferum (the opium poppy)Potent drug with analgesic effectOpioid: Made in a laboratory rather than taken from a plantOpium and opioids act on same receptor sites in the nervous system and have the same side effects 22

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Twentieth Century Medicine

Alexander Fleming: Discovered penicillin by accident in 1928

Gerhard Domagk

: Discovered the first synthetic drug (sulfonamide) in 1932; used during WW II to treat wound infections

Louis Pasteur: Discovered an anthrax vaccine for animals (1881) 23

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Old Remedies Making a Comeback?

Modern treatment for hemochromatosis can involve leeches and

maggots

to remove blood:

Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1976Very inexpensive Honey is used today for its medicinal properties 24

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Evolution of Pharmacy and Pharmacy Technicians

Describe how the first pharmacies began in the United States.

Identify the role that early pharmacists played in society.

Describe the first technicians in pharmacy.

List major ways pharmacy has changed over the past 100 years.List important current trends in pharmacy in relation to pharmacy technicians.

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Lesson

1.2

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Early Pharmacists

Apothecaries

(pharmacies)

sprang up after the Civil War

Manufacturing plants were builtPeople were trained to give medications accuratelyPharmacists moved into the role of druggists 26

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Early Pharmacists

First pharmacy school: Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Sciences (1821)

In 1800s pharmacists compounded nearly every drug ordered by physicians

Cisterns: Large, ornate jars used to store various herbs and ingredients

Medical recipe book: Contained instructions for preparing remediesExamples: Chalk for heartburn; rose petals for headaches 27

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Early Pharmacists

Show globes: Beacons for pharmacies back to 1600s

Believed to indicate status of town’s health:

Red = illness in town

Green = town was healthy 28

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Early Pharmacy in America

Early

pharmacists

played a minimal role in health care

From 1800 to 1900, the soda fountain became an extension of a town’s drugstoreMineral water became a treatment for different ailmentsPharmacists sold soda and ice cream, worked the lunch counter, and filled the day’s prescriptionsPharmacy setting promoted trust in the pharmacist 29

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Early Pharmacy Technicians

First

pharmacy technicians

were those enlisted in the military

Trained to fill prescriptions and do the job of the pharmacistTo this day, military technicians have broader scope of trainingFamily members helped behind the counters, filled stock, and waited on customersEarly pharmacy clerks became pharmacy technicians 30

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Early Pharmacy Technicians

The 1960s brought a need for standardized training

Professional pharmacy organizations became more involved in pharmacy technician training

A national exam was created in

1995 31

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Early Pharmacy Technicians

Jobs for clinical technicians include:

Assisting with anticoagulation monitoring

Managing the automation and pharmacy coordination systems

Managing medication and reconciliation programsTechnicians are now in high demand 32

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Changing Pharmacy Requirements

Doctor of pharmacy degree (PharmD

) is required for U.S. pharmacists

Today’s druggist needs in-depth and broad communication skills for dealing with doctors and customers

For pharmacy technicians, both additional education and on-the-job training are required in some states 33

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Changing Pharmacy Requirements

Technician ’s duties: Prepare prescriptions and compound specialty medications

Hospital

(inpatient pharmacy)

duties: Supply floor stock, prepare parenteral medications, transcribe doctor’s orders, fill patient’s cassettesSpecialized technicians order drugs and supplies, or work in a clinical setting or quality control 34

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Changing Pharmacy Requirements

Technicians need strong communication skills

Pharmacists can also specialize in such areas as anticoagulation and pharmacokinetic services, oncology, pediatrics, geriatrics, and

compounding

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Trust in Pharmacist/Trust in Technicians

Pharmacist can be trusted to provide truthful information and be a confidante

Clinical pharmacists work alongside doctors to prescribe medications and dosages

Community pharmacy: Pharmacists required to counsel patients; technicians trusted to provide the best care by filling the correct

medication 36

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Technicians of the Twenty-First Century and Beyond

Pharmacists moving into a more highly clinical role; not only counseling, but also working with medical staff

Technicians moving into transcribing orders, pulling medications, and filling prescriptions

Technicians in specialized fields (such as compounding) can to participate in a team approach to health care in the future and provide more specialized input

Pharmacists and technicians will always have different roles, but both have a place in the team approach to taking care of patients 37

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Questions?

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