Chapter 11: Forestry and Resource Management - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Chapter 11: Forestry and Resource ManagementSlide2

Lesson 1: Resource ManagementSlide3

Renewable Resource Management

People need to manage the

harvesting

of renewable resources in order to ensure their

availability

Several types of renewable

resources

are

vital

to our civilization

Ex:

Soil

, fresh water, wild animals, and

timberSlide4

Resource

management

is the managing of resource harvesting so that resources are not

depleted

.

Considering the

entire

ecosystem, rather than a specific resource, makes resource management more

complicated

, but may be the best way to protect a resource in the

long

term.Slide5

Soil

Soil is always being made by natural processes such as the

weathering

and erosion of rocks and the

decomposition

of organisms.

Topsoil

is the fertile top layer of soil that plants grow in

Made very

slowly

Nourishes

the plantsSlide6

Fresh water

Continually supplied by

natural

processes

Necessary for

life

, agriculture, and

wildlifeSlide7

Wild Animals

Animals that can be

hunted

legally are called

game

In the US, state and

federal

wildlife managers

regulate

the hunting of game to maintain

populations

of these animals at desired levels.Slide8

Despite management of

fisheries

, populations of many aquatic animals have

dropped

drastically due to fleets of

trawlers

that use sonar, mechanized nets, and satellite images to find fish.

The

poaching

of wild animals continues in both developing and developed nations – people kill animals for

food

and sport in

illegal

and unsustainable ways.

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (

CITES

) has reduced the poaching of

endangered

animals.Slide9

Timber

Timber

= wood from trees

The harvesting of timber is essential to our

standard

of

living

While some management has been a

success

, the world is still losing

forestlandSlide10

Management Approaches

Maximum sustainable yield, ecosystem-based management, and adaptive management are three

approaches

to

resource

management.Slide11

Maximum sustainable

yield

(MSY)

The aim of MSY is to harvest the

maximum

amount of a resource without

reducing

the amount of future

harvests

The goal of harvesting for MSY is to keep a population at an

intermediate

size, where it will grow

fastest

A population managed for MSY is kept far

below

its carrying capacity and is not consuming, being consumed by, or competing with other

organisms

as much as it would if it were

not

being harvested

Could result in changes for other

populations

A matter of

trial

and

errorSlide12

Ecosystem

-Based Management

Goal is to harvest resources in ways that

minimize

impact on the

ecosystems

and ecological processes that provide resources.

Ex:

1995

Clayoquot

Sound’s forest plan

Challenging

for managers to determine how

best

to put it into action

Can result in

inconsistent

managementSlide13

Adaptive Management

Involves scientifically

testing

different management approaches in an area, one after the other, and then

customizing

an approach based on the

results

.

Intended as a true union of

science

and

management

because hypotheses about how best to manage resources are tested under

controlled

conditions

Requires managers and scientists to closely

monitor

current practices and continually

adjust

themSlide14

Lesson 2: Forests and Their ResourcesSlide15

Forest Resources

Forest resources have great

ecological

and

economic

value

Forests provide a wide variety of services and products: conservation of

biodiversity

, protection of soil and water quality, maintenance of biogeochemical cycles,

food

, medicine, recreation,

tourism

, education, and conservation of culturally important sites.Slide16

Ecological value

Forests provide

habitats

for many plants and animals –

great

biodiversity

In general, forests with a greater diversity of

plants

have a greater diversity of other organisms as well;

mature

forests also have more biodiversity than

younger

forests.

Forest plants help prevent soil erosion, slow

runoff

, reduce

flooding

, purify water, store

carbon

, and release oxygen.Slide17

Economic and Medicinal Value

Forests provide timber, which can be made into

thousands

of economically valuable

products

Timber is also used as

fuel

in

fires

Forest plants provide food –

fruits

, nuts,

spices

, and herbs

Cancer

treatments and treatments for other illnesses have been derived from

plantsSlide18

Timber Harvesting

There are

costs

and benefits to every

method

of timber harvesting

Today, most commercial timber harvesting (

logging

) takes places in Canada, Russia, and other nations with large

boreal

forests, and in nations with large tropical rain forests, such as

Brazil

.Slide19

Timber

harvesting

methods include clear-cutting, seed-tree approach, shelter wood approach, and selection system. These methods fall into two categories:

even

-aged stands or

uneven

-aged stands.

Even-aged stands result from the

regrowth

of trees that were mostly all cut at the

same

time

Uneven-aged stands result from the regrowth of

trees

that were cut at

different

times

Typically have

more

biodiversity

Most logging methods

increase

soil erosion and runoff, sometimes causing flooding or

landslides

.Slide20

Clear-Cutting

A method in which

all

of the trees in an area are cut at

once

The most

cost-efficient

method for timber companies

Greatest

impact on forest ecosystemsSlide21

Results in

even

-aged stands

Changes in

light

, precipitation,

wind

, and temperature conditions can result in a new

microclimate

that allows different types of plants to replace those of the original forest.Slide22

Seed-Tree and Shelterwood Approaches

Seed-tree approach:

small

numbers of mature and

healthy

seed-producing trees are left standing so that they can

reseed

the logged area

Shelterwood approach: small numbers of

mature

trees are left in place to provide

shelter

for

seedlings

as they grow

Less

harmful than clear-cutting

Result in mostly

even

-aged standsSlide23

Selection Systems

Only

some

of the trees in a

forest

are cut at once

Single

-tree selection: trees spaced

widely

apart are cut one at a time

Group

selection: small

patches

of trees are cut at a time

Moving trucks and

machinery

over roads and trails to get to individual trees compacts the soil and

disturbs

the forest floor

More

expensive

for timber companiesSlide24

Deforestation

Deforestation may help nations

develop

, but it can be

ecologically

destructive in the long run.

Deforestation

is the clearing of a forest and the replacement of it by

another

land use.

Provides warmth,

shelter

, and trade for human communitiesSlide25

The negative effects of deforestation are greatest in

tropical

regions because of the potential massive loss of

biodiversity

, and in

arid

regions because of loss of soil

productivity

Adds

carbon

dioxide

when plant matter is burned or decomposed, and less

vegetation

remains to use carbon dioxide.Slide26

In the United States

The deciduous forests of the

East

were virtually stripped by

1850

to make way for small farms.

Wood was used to

fuel

the Industrial RevolutionSlide27

By the early

1900s

, very little

old-growth

forest – forest that has never been logged – remained in the United States

Once old-growth forest is cut, it may need

hundreds

of years of

undisturbed

growth in order to recover.Slide28
Slide29

In developing nations

Old-growth tropical rain forests

still

remain

in many developing nations

Advanced

technology

has resulted in

rapid

deforestationSlide30

Lesson 3: Forest ManagementSlide31

U.S. National Forests

Logging in national forests is managed by the

Forest

Service

, but profits go to timber companies.

The deforestation that had happened by the early 1900s caused fear of a “

timber

famine

” which led to the formation of our national forest

system

.

Public

lands set aside to grow trees for timber and to protect

watersheds

.

Forest Service employees

plan

and manage timber sales and build

roads

to provide access for private logging companies.Slide32

National Forest Management Act

The national forest management is guided by the policy of

multiple

use – forests are managed for

recreation

, wildlife habitat,

mining

, and other uses, in addition to timber.Slide33

The National Forest Management Act (

NFMA

) was passed in

1976

Required that plans for

renewable

resource management be drawn up for

every

national forest

Consider both

economic

and environmental factors

Provide for

diversity

of plant and animal communities

Ensure

research

and monitoring of management approachesSlide34

Allow increases in

harvest

levels only if sustainable

Ensure that timber will be harvested only where soils and wetlands will not be irreversibly

damaged

, land will be replanted

quickly

, and harvest methods will not be determined solely on the basis of

financial

return

Ensure that

logging

will occur only where possible impacts have been assessedSlide35

Cuts will depend on the

shape

of the land

Maximum

size

limits of cut trees will be established

Cuts will be carried out in a

manner

consistent with the

protection

of soil, watershed, fish, wildlife, recreation, and aesthetic resourcesSlide36

Logging has

declined

in national forests since the 1980s

In

2006

, tree regrowth outpaced tree removal on these lands by more than

11

to 1.

In 2005, the “

roadless

rule

” that limited the building of new roads in national forests was repealed. In

2009

this rule was reinstated.Slide37

Private Land

Most logging in the United States today takes place on tree

plantations

owned by timber companies.

These plantations are typically

monocultures

, or large-scale plantings of a

single

crop,

and

even-aged stands.Slide38

Stands are cut after a certain number of years, called the

rotation

time

, and then the land is replanted with seedlings.

Plantations do not offer as much habitat

variety

as forests and have a

lower

biodiversitySlide39

Fire Policies

Suppression

of all wildfires can endanger ecosystems, property, and people.

For more than a hundred years, the Forest Service suppressed

all

fires, both

natural

and human-caused.

Current scientific

research

shows that many ecosystems

depend

on fire and that diversity and abundance of species

decline

without it.

Ex: the

jack

pine’s seeds only germinate after a fire and the Kirtland’s

warbler

only nests in young jack pines.Slide40

In the long term, suppression of small, natural fires can lead to

larger

, more

dangerous

fires

Limbs,

sticks

, and leaf litter build up on the forest

floor

To

reduce

fuel buildup and improve forest

health

, the Forest Service and other land management agencies have recently been burning areas of forest under carefully controlled conditions –

prescribed

burns/

controlled

burnsSlide41

Shortly after the devastating

2003

California fires, Congress passed the Healthy Forests

Restoration

Act.

Goal is to makes forests

less

fire-prone

Promotes the removal of

small

trees, underbrush, and

snags

by timber companies

The removal of snags following a natural disturbance is called

salvage

logging

.Slide42

The

insects

that feed on snags provide

food

for wildlife, and many animals depend on holes in snags for

nesting

and roosting.

Removing timber from recently burned land can cause severe

erosion

and soil damage, and also

slow

forest regrowth.Slide43

Sustainable Forestry Products

The response of timber companies to consumer

demand

is helping to promote

sustainable

forestry.

Organizations

that examine the practices of timber companies offer sustainable forestry

certification

to products produced using methods they consider sustainable.

The Forest Stewardship Council (

FSC

) has the

strictest

standards and the most widely accepted certification process