Forestry - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Forestry

The science and art of cultivating, maintaining and developing forests for commercial productionSlide2
Slide3

EconomyNew Zealand is a small player in the international forestry industry, accounting for 1.1 percent of the world’s total supply of industrial wood and 1.3

percent of the world’s trade in forest products.  However, New Zealand supplies almost 9% of the Asia Pacific forest products trade volume, representing nearly 20% by value. 

Forestry

is therefore a significant industry in New Zealand, contributing an annual gross income of around

$5 billion

, 3

percent

of New Zealand’s GDP and directly employing around

20 000

people.  

Wood

products are

New Zealand’s third largest export earner behind dairy and meat

.Slide4

EconomyThe sector is entering an exciting new phase, as wood production volumes are expected to increase significantly in the coming years as forests planted in recent decades reach maturity.  Our forests are also at the centre of New Zealand’s climate change response efforts, and there is also increasing realisation of the environmental and social benefits delivered by forests.Slide5

NZ ForestryThe industry is based around sustainably managed exotic plantation forests, covering 1.751 million hectares – approximately 7% –

of New Zealand’s land area.90% of the exotic plantation area comprises radiata pine (

Pinus

radiata

), with Douglas fir (

Pseudotsuga

menziesii

) accounting for

6%

and the remainder of the estate made up of eucalyptus and other softwood and hardwood species.Slide6

Pine ForestThe Radiata Pine forest is characterized by its high productivity, which on average reaches 22 m

3 per hectare per year, with a growth rate up to 4 times higher than the northern hemisphere. The aim is to maximize the economic return of the forest, for which an intensive silvicultural management is performed consisting of pruning treatments at different heights, in order to get pieces free of knots, which are of a higher commercial value, to be used in the remanufacturing industry.Slide7

Pine ForestryPruning is accompanied by thinning operations, to concentrate the site potential wood volume in the best trees of the forest. The industrial logs which are not pruned, are used as structural timber as well as a complement to the production of finished or

semifinished products with a high added value, (parts and pieces of furniture, doors, mouldings, among others etc.). Logs of smaller diameter and lesser quality are intended for the pulp and paper industry.Slide8

Production CycleThis diagram shows the steps involved in growing a plantation pine, from preparing the planting site to the harvest of the tree for its timber some 25–30 years later.

First, land is prepared before planting by clearing away competing shrubs and weeds.Young plants, about 30 centimetres high, are planted out in winter months.The young trees are pruned one to three times. The lower branches are removed when they are young to produce knot-free timber.

The stand of forest trees is thinned to around 300 trees per hectare, giving the best specimens more space to grow well.

Most pruning and thinning occurs within the first 12–15 years, and for the next 10–15 years the remaining trees are left to grow until harvest.

The trees are felled and

delimbed

, and the logs are transported to a timber mill or port for shipping overseas.Slide9

Production OutputsSlide10

Land and ClimateRadiata pine was first introduced to New Zealand in the late 1850s to see if would be a good candidate for widespread planting. Its excellent growth rate prompted seed imports from California in the 1870s, mainly for shelter belts and woodlots.

By the first forestry planting boom in the 1920s and 1930s, it had been adopted as the species of choice. It proved to be versatile and grew well throughout New Zealand on a variety of soil types, including coastal sands, heavy clays, gravels and volcanic ash deposits.

Farmers can make marginal land productive by planting pine forest where grazing or cropping are not viable options.Slide11

EconomySlide12

EconomyGreens slam 'economic stupidity' of forestry salehttp://www.3news.co.nz/Greens-slam-economic-stupidity-of-forestry-sale/tabid/421/articleID/296134/Default.aspxSlide13

TechnologyTo improve the quality of radiata pine, a genetic research programme was started in the 1950s. Trees of superior growth and form were selected and propagated by grafting. The grafted pines were planted out at wide spacing in seed orchards away from other plantations, to prevent pollen contamination. The first improved

radiata pines were planted in forests in 1970.Slide14

TechnologyThousands of genetically identical radiata pine trees can be produced using cultured tissue. When seed embryos are placed on a special growing medium in a Petri dish, they develop many little shoots. Each of these shoots can be cut off, grown and induced to form roots. The little plants are then transferred from Petri dishes to pots in a glasshouse until they are large enough to transfer outside to a nursery.Slide15
Slide16

TechnologyImprovement programmes have continued, with selection criteria becoming increasingly complex and the testing of parent stock more stringent. Through controlled

cross-breeding, hybridisation and advanced plant propagation techniques, scientists have developed breeds that:are adapted to particular

climatic

zones and soil

types

are resistant to foliage

diseases

such as

dothistroma

needle

blight

produce wood that is

stronger

or more durable.Slide17

PoliticsSlide18

PoliticsAfter reading your pages, what can you say about:Reasons we should protect out native forestsHow Maori freehold land contributes to protecting our forests

What the forest means to MaoriHow native forest affects New Zealand’s plants and animalsSlide19

Future Forestry?THE POTENTIAL FOR REDWOOD UTILISATION IN NEW ZEALANDSeveral factors contribute to our decision to focus on the future of redwood in New Zealand. The timber is light, durable and stable; the plantation production cycle is on average 35 years, as opposed to the Californian average of 60 years; and trial exports have demonstrated that a receptive market exists offshore.

Redwood has, in fact, been planted in localised areas in New Zealand for some time, but these plantations have lacked management input. Our research and analyses lead us to predict that, with correct management procedures, real rates of return exceeding 10% can be achieved.Slide20

PoliticsEMISSIONS TRADING SCHEMEThe ETS began in 2008. Forestry

was the first sector covered. Those covered by the scheme have to either pay the government $25 on their 2008 – 2012 emissions or acquire and surrender carbon credits. The cost of that is the ETS's incentive to change behaviour and cut emissions. In 2010 liquid fossil fuels, stationary energy and industrial processes were included.

Agriculture

will not join until 2015 at the earliest. Slide21

PoliticsNew Zealand's target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 5% from 1990 levels by 2050. On today's trends – up 22% on 1990 levels by 2007 – New Zealand will not achieve that. Slide22

EnvironmentPine plantations are the most efficient way of absorbing carbon dioxide of any major land use in New Zealand.

The graph illustrates the efficiency of pine plantations in capturing carbon dioxide during their active growing phase. The average pine plantation is twice as efficient at capturing carbon as regenerating scrublands dominated by mānuka and kānuka

.Slide23

EnvironmentFrom NZJF 1997

Understorey biodiversity Although it's New Zealand's natural forests where we expect to

find the most biodiversity,

radiata

pine plantations are not "bio-

logical deserts" but in fact contain a large variety of

understorey

plant species (Allen 1995a,b, Ogden 1997). The composition of

understoreys

is very dependent on the geographic location of the

forest and on the stage of plantation development. For example,

new plantings on coastal sands will likely only have a very few

species present, whereas forests on the central volcanic plateau

may have

rich

understoreys

of both exotic and indigenous species.

In recently planted

radiata

pine in

Kinleith

Forest, Allen et al.

(1995a)

found up

to 35 vascular plant species, 67% of which were

indigenous. They also found that the proportion of indigenous

species present in the

understorey

increased with time from plant-

ing

to 82% in a 29-year-old stand This level of species richness

was greater than for many natural New Zealand forests (Allen et

al. 1995b). Ogden et al. (1997) reported similar results from

another

Kinleith

Forest study. The more recent study included a

67-year-old

radiata

pine forest, which had a fern

understorey

structure similar to that of native

podocarp

and kauri

forests.Slide24

EnvironmentForestry can still have negative effects on native animals. In New Zealand some of our most endangered species are forest dwellers who are very sensitive to the effects of forestry run-off and deforestation.

Archey's

Frog

Hochstetters

Frog

New Zealand’s native frogs are listed as critically endangered due to deforestation, introduced predators and

chytrid

disease.

These unique animals are from an ancient lineage of frogs.

They are mute, give birth to live young and fathers carry young on their backs for weeks.Slide25

LabourForestry may be for you if you are interested in:plants and trees

outdoor and physical workworking with tools, machinery and equipmentconservation and the environmentmanaging forest operations including managing staff, contractors and budgets.Slide26

LabourPay varies, but forestry and logging workers usually earn between $28,000 and $60,000 a year.Trainees usually earn between $28,000 and $40,000.

Experienced forestry and logging workers usually earn between $40,000 and $60,000 a year.Slide27

LabourWorking conditionsForestry and logging workers:

usually work regular business hours, and may work Saturdayswork in forests, bush and scrubland in rural or isolated areas, and may have to travel up to an hour to their workplaceswork in all weather conditions and their working environment may be hazardous and noisy.

http://www.careers.govt.nz/jobs/forestry/forestry-and-logging-worker/about-the-jobSlide28

SocialCase Study: MURUPARA

MuruparaSlide29

SocialCase Study: MURUPARAIn the early 1950's Murupara was a small village with a post office and three stores. It was a service centre for Maori belonging to the

Ngati Manawa tribe and the dairy farming community of the district. The State Forest Service had provided jobs for growing numbers of people

in the

area since 1918.

Forestry

workers residing at

Murupara

worked in the township itself, at a

State mill

eight miles westward, and at two bush camps to the north.Slide30

SocialIn 1954 the Government and Tasman Pulp and Paper Company Limited formed a private company, the Kaingaroa

Logging Company Limited, to handle clearfelling operations and extract the logs from the Kaingaroa

Forest.

The Government built over 200 houses and a single

men’s camp at

Murupara

, and another 50 houses nearby at the Forest

Service settlement

of

Kaingaroa

, to accommodate the workforce

.

Murupara

during the

1960's was described

as “a booming town”, “a place

where you

came, you worked, made your dollars and left” and “peaceful”. Residents had high incomes

and the

town had many of the facilities that existed in

Rotorua

.Slide31

SocialRestructuring of the Forest

Service in 1987 and the rationalisation of the operations of the Kaingaroa Logging Company, which began in 1981 and resulted in the loss of over 250 jobs over a five year period, an

outflow of population from

Murupara

and a downturn in the local

economy.Slide32

SocialAs a result, there was a growing incidence of welfare dependency

, unemployment, drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, crime and other social problems within the community. Many workers who were laid off by the Kaingaroa Logging Company or the Forest Service during

the 1980's

were left with mortgages and outstanding debts they had to service on a much reduced income.

Some families were devastated. They found it difficult to cope with their changed circumstances,

and marital

break-ups occurred when they were unable to meet their financial commitments.

Today there are

people who are still working through the events of this period. Another effect of the loss

of employment

was low self-esteem amongst both men and women which sometimes manifested

itself in

suicide and alcohol abuse.

The

men’s anger was transmitted to the women. They joined

their husbands

drinking, the children were left alone, and “it becomes a cycle”. There is now a

third generation

of unemployed people in

Murupara

, young people with grandparents who were

made redundant

, who have grown up in an environment of welfare dependency.Slide33

Socialhttp://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/feature-archive/466138/Murupara-follows-the-dream-pics