Chapter 7 Republic of Indonesia 17000 islands close to 6000 inhabited Southeast Asia Formerly Dutch East Indies Company colonized by Dutch Independence 1945 full sovereignty 1949 Java ID: 759673
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Slide1
Indonesian Gamelan Music
Chapter 7
Slide2Republic of Indonesia
17,000 islands (close to 6,000 inhabited)
Southeast Asia
Formerly Dutch East Indies Company (colonized by Dutch)
Independence: 1945 (full sovereignty, 1949)
Java
Jakarta (capital)
Surakarta and
Yogyarkarta
(Central Java – gamelan)
National unity efforts:
Unity in Diversity (slogan)
Bahasa Indonesia (language)
Cultural nationalism (including gamelan and related arts)
Islam principal religion (but
Hinduism
principal religion of Bali)
Slide3Gamelan
Central Javanese court gamelan (CD 1-7)Balinese gamelan gong kebyar (CD 2-12) In what ways are do they sound similar?In what ways do they sound different? Balinese gamelan video (kebyar – “Sekar Jupun”): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPIZObNdJb0Javanese gamelan video (“Puspawarna”):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xQttRtx35s
Slide4Similarities
Instruments
Gongs,
metallophones
(
gangsa
in Bali)
,
drums, end-blown bamboo flutes, bowed chordophones
Cyclic forms
Related tuning systems, scales, modes
Similar polyphony (higher/faster, lower/slower)
Melodic layers: core melody, melodic elaboration
Hindu basis and related musical symbolism
Associations with dance
, dance-drama
, shadow puppetry (
wayang
), and other arts
UNESCO
wayang
video (
5:00):
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfydro4X2t0
Slide5Differences
Energy, tempo
Mood
Social symbolism
Drumming
Interlocking vs. multiple-melody textures
Paired tuning (male-female) of instruments (Bali)
OMI 22
Slide6The Balinese Gamelan Beleganjur
Audio Musical Guided Tour (p. 96)Instruments (know reyong, gong ageng)Gilak gong cycleCore melody and melodic elaborationRhythms and interlocking patternsPolyphonic stratification
Slide7Kilitan Telu
Ubiquitous set of interlocking rhythms in Balinese gamelan Featured in cymbal (cengceng) interlocking in beleganjurSame set of rhythms (aka cak telu) also used in Kecak dance-drama
Kilitan Telu (Cak Telu)
Slide8Kecak (CD 2-13)
Sanghyang Dedari (trance dance) Gamelan suara Walter Spies Island of Demons (1933 film) Ramayana Hindu epic (also Mahabharata) Rama, Sita, Rawana, monkey army (Sugriwa, Hanuman) Kecak (from Baraka) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAUoa9pmokA
Slide9Beleganjur in Balinese Ritual
Agama
Tirta
(Religion of Holy Water)
Cremation ceremony (
ngaben
)
Performed by members of the
banjar
Purpose: Release soul (
atma
) to Upper World of Balinese cosmos
Procession of
atma
to cremation grounds
Multi-tiered cremation tower (
wadah
), followed by gamelan
beleganjur
, directed by lead drummer
(CD 2-14)
Gamelan
beleganjur
functions:
Frighten and deflect evil spirits (
bhutas
,
leyaks
)
Give courage to the
atma
Energize tower carriers
Regulate pace of procession
Function of the ensemble most important at
crossroads. Why?
Beleganjur
cremation field video (
Bakan
):
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztlVXln-ZlM
Slide10Kreasi Beleganjur
Modern, contest styleOriginated in 1986Two pioneering composers: Sukarata, AsnawaStyle is exhibitionistic rather than functional Innovations of kreasi style:Compositional originalityEnsemble virtuosity Showmanship emphasis (including gerak) Varied musical textures
Slide11Musical Examples
Contest performance – composer:
Sukarata
(CD 2-15)
“
Wira
Ghorava
Cakti
’95” – composer:
Suandita
(CD 2-16)
Distinctive features of this piece:
Gong cycle drops out at some points
Unaccompanied feature sections (e.g.,
reyong
section, 0:19)
Plethora of melodic and rhythmic variations – virtuosic
Many changes in tempo and dynamics
Complex interlocking (e.g., 8 rather than 3 interlocking cymbal patterns)
Same group (
Meranggi
), 1992:
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgWIGNS-zOo
Follow Guided Listening Quick Summary GLQS, p. 108
Awesome 2005 contest performance!
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=28-5r9-BdwQ
Slide12Crossing International Borders
Western composers: Debussy, Cage, Reich, Glass,
Tenzer
Indonesian
musik
kontemporer
:
Asnawa
, etc.
Syncretism of Indonesian and Western
musics
in popular, jazz, etc.
I
Wayan
Balawan
(Balinese electric guitar virtuoso)
“Country
Beleganjur
”
(CD 2-18)
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiz83vNXGZc
Slide13Hip hop Gamelan?
Fusion of Balinese gamelan (
kebyar
,
beleganjur
) with hip hop/scratch
turntabling
B.A.Ph.PET
(
Bakan
)
(CD 2-19)
Turntable soloist: Charles Tremblay
Florida State University Balinese Gamelan (
Sekaa
Gong Hanuman
Agung
)
Opening
reyong
rhythm derived from
kilitan
telu
Kotekan
-style interlocking on
gangsa
(
metallophones
)
And
one more!!
Batik
Tribe, “Indo
Yo
Ey
”
https
://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFAlF7qSuKc