Pediatric Gait assessment - PowerPoint Presentation

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Pediatric Gait assessmentJulie Bouck, PT, MPT

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Six minute walk test

Timed up and go (TUG)

Dynamic Gait index (DGI)

Observational Gait Scale (OGS)

Instrumental Gait analysis (IGA)

Functional gait assessment

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Rancho Los Amigos

Stance Phase (60% of cycle)

Standard Term Rancho los AmigosHeel strike initial ContactFoot flat Loading ResponseMidstance Midstanceheel off terminal StanceToe off PreSwing

Swing Phase (40% of Cycle)

Standard

Term

Rancho Los Amigos

Acceleration Initial Swing

Midswing

Midswing

Deceleration terminal swing

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HEEL ROCKER.Lasts from initial contact to the time of foot flat. Its function is to translate the vertical component of theground reaction force into forward progression of the tibia through the link provided by the eccentric action of tibialis anterior.ANKLE ROCKER.Lasts from the time of foot flat to heel rise. Its function is to control the rate of forward progression of thebody as the tibia rotates at the ankle joint over the fixed foot under the eccentric control of the triceps surae.FOREFOOT ROCKER.Lasts from heel rise until the end of stance. It functions to extend the period of ground contact via the gastrocnemius to exploit the GRF vector’s helpful influence on swing initiation.

THREE ROCKERS

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“Whilst instrumented gait assessment that provides quantitative measures of three-dimensional gait kinematics and kinetics and the electrical activity of muscles remains the gold standard for gait assessment, in the context of routine clinical practice it is still restricted by the fact that it is laboratory based, expensive, and requires a high-level of interpretation skills “(Messenger and Bowker, 1987; Davis, 1997; Geurts et al, 1990; Morton, 1999; Coutts, 1999).

What is the best way to measure gait?

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Simple cost effective, and quick tests that we can deliver to make clinical decisions.Within the rehab and school environment, the time available for functional assessment is often limited to 45 to 60 minutes a session.Standardized test that have been shown to be valid and reliable instruments.

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THE TIMED UP AND GO (TUG)

Williams et al,(2005):

TUG is reliable in children as young as 3 years of age (176 Children without disability/ 41 with CP or

Spina

bifida)

Mean TUG score for children w/o disability 5.9s

Preschool children took 6.7 s

Spastic Hemiplegia 8.4s (n=4)

Spastic

Diplegia

10.1 s (n=22)

Spastic quadriplegia 28 s (n=6)

Spina

bifida with low level lesion 8s (n=7)

It integrates transitions and walking skills/responsive to change

It is a useful benchmark to establish baseline levels of functional mobility

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Timed up and Go Cont

Dunaway et al (2014)15 ambulatory Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) patients (10-49 years old)TUG scores correlate with clinical, functional, and strength assessment and decline linearly over time. Tug was associated significantly with total leg and knee flexor strength and 6 minute walk test.High test re-test reliability

Tested school age children from ages 3-18 (n=459)Tested children with down syndrome ages 3-18 (n=40)Normative population data for the TUGTUG values can be predicted as a function of age and weight.TUG(s) = 6.387-(age(y) x 0.166) + (weight (Kg) X 0.014).GMFM correlates with the TUG test in children and adolescents with down syndrome

D’Agostini

et al (2014) TUG norms and TUG Down syndrome

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MODIFIED TUG

1-A concrete task given (such as touch a target on the wall).

2-Repeat instructions, seat with backrest, but no arms, knee angle 90 degrees with feet flat on floor

3-No qualitative instructions such as “don’t run, or walk as fast as you can.” ( you can remind them that it is not a race, and that they must walk only)

4- Timing starts as child leaves the seat rather than go, and stops when bottom touches the seat.

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SIX MINUTE WALK TEST

The six minute walk test is the distance a person can walk at a constant, uninterrupted, unhurried pace in 6 minutesLammers et al (2008)328 healthy children ages 4-11 Distance walked increases with age.Requires submaximal effort in healthy childrenUlrich et al (2013)Depends mainly on ageHeart rate after 6MWT, height and weight add informationMay help to better assess and compare outcomes in patients with cardiovasulcar and respiratory disease.

The walking course must be 30 m in length (100

ft

hallway required). Turn around points should be marked with a cone. A line at the beginning and end should be marked with bright tape.

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Instructions to the Patient

*Note: Instructions must be consistent.

(Put the instructions on a laminated card and read them out loud to the patient.)

- Describe the walking track or area to the patient.

- Explain the objective of the test.

- Provide instructions on what to do and what not to do during the test.

- Emphasize reporting any untoward effects.

- Sample instructions:

“You are now going to do a six-minute walking test. The object of this test is to walk

as quickly as you can for six minutes around the track (or up and down the corridor

etc… depending on your track set up) so that you cover as much ground as possible.

You may slow down if necessary. If you stop, I want you to continue to walk again

as soon as possible. You will be kept informed of the time and you will be

encouraged to do your best. Your goal is to walk as far as possible in six minutes.

Please do not talk during the test unless you have a problem or if I ask you a question.

You must let me know if you have any chest pain or dizziness. When the six minutes

is up I will ask you to stop where you are. Do you have any questions?”

 Begin the Test by instructing the patient to start walking and start the stop watch.

•

Monitor the patient for untoward signs and symptoms.

• Use standard encouragements during the test. Example:

- At minute one: “Five minutes remaining. Do your best!”

- At minute two: “Four minutes remaining. You're doing well - keep it up!”

- At minute three: “Half way point. Three minutes remaining. Do your best!”

- At minute four: “Two minutes remaining. You're doing well - keep it up!”

- At minute five: “One minute remaining. Do your best!”

 At the End of the 6MWT

• Put a marker on the distance walked.

• Have the patient sit down or if the patient prefers, allow to the patient to stand.

*•

Immediately record oxygen saturation (SpO2)%, heart rate, and dyspnea rating on the

recording sheet.

• Measure the excess distance with a tape measure and add up the total distance.

• The patient should remain in a clinical area for at least 15 minutes following an

uncomplicated test.

In

some instances, the clinician may choose to walk with the patient for the entire test (e.g., if

continuous oximetry is desired). If this is the case the clinician should try to walk slightly

behind the patient to avoid setting the walking pace. Alternatively, if the oximeter is small

and lightweight, it may be attached to the patient and checked throughout the test without

interfering with walking pace.

 If the Patient Stops During the Six Minutes

• Allow the patient to sit in a chair if they wish.

• Measure the SpO2% and heart rate.

• Ask the patient why they stopped.

• Record the time the patient stopped (but keep the stop watch running).

• Encourage the patient to begin walking as soon as he/she is feeling better and offer

encouragement every 15 seconds if necessary.

• Monitor the patient for untoward signs and symptoms

.

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Normal Values for 6MWT Healthy Children 4-11(N=328) Lammers et al.

4 years 383+/-41 m; 5 years 420+/-39 m, 6 years 463+/-40 m; 7 years 488+/-35 m; p<0.05 between each);further modest increases were observed beyond 7 years of age.

Reference Values for 6MWT children 5-17(N=496) Ulrich et al.

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Dynamic Gait index

Assesses individual’s ability to modify balance while walking in the presence of external demands.

Lubetzky-Vilnai

et al

Pilot study to look at DGI in children

10 children with Fetal Alcohol syndrome disorder (FASD)

10 typically developing children age and sex matched

The test took no longer than 10 minutes to complete.

There were significant group differences

Most children with FASD presented with mild to moderate balance impairments.

Interrater

agreement was 90%.

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Dynamic Gait Index

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Some modifications that

Lubetzky-Vilnai

et al recommended for children with the DGI

Demonstrate all items (except for “normal walking” or “normal Stair climbing”)

“walk and pick up the toy”

Look to one side and then to the other, vs look right and then left.

Walk up and down the stairs as you would at home. (Don’t suggest the rail as an option)

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Observational Gait Scale

This is a scale adapted from the Physicians rating scale (

Koman

et al) which was created to examine the gait of children with CP in the sagittal plane after botulinum toxin A for

equinus

gait. This scale did not seem to be sensitive or reliable in detecting specific changes after treatment with BTX-A (Corry et al. 1998)

To improve the sensitivity of this scale alterations were made and it became the OGS. (Boyd and Graham 1999)

In

Rathinam

et al (2014)

OGS was reported to have very good inter rater reliability, however only the sagittal plane (ankle/foot and knee joints) items scored maximum agreement.

Mackey et al (2003)

found the OGS had acceptable inter rater and intra rater reliability for knee and foot position in

midstance

, initial foot contact and heel rise.

There were also lower intra rater reliabilities found for section 5 (

hindfoot

position) and section 6 (base of support)

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Observational Gait Scale continued

The OGS seeks to evaluate or measure the amount of change in an individuals gait pattern over time, and could be classified as an evaluative health index.

Recommended for use for Idiopathic toe walking gait assessment in

National Guideline Clearinghouse.

It is a scale with 8 sections where you score both the L and R lower extremity.

A perfect score would be a 22 on each limb.

OGS should be

observed

from front and

sides.

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QUESTIONS?

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References

Boyd R, Graham, HK. (1999)

Objective measurement of clinical findings in the use of botulinum toxin type A for the management of children with cerebral palsy.

Eur

J

Neurol

6 (

Supp

14) S23-35

.

Corry I, Cosgrove AP, Duff C, McNeill S, Taylor T, Graham HK. (1998)

Botulinum Toxin A compared with stretching casts in the treatment of spastic

equinus

: a randomized prospective trial

J

pediatr

Orthop

18: 304-11.

Crapo

, R. O

.

Casaburi

, R

.,

et al. (2002).

ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test, AMER THORACIC SOC 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA

.

D’Agostini

Nicolini-Pannison

, R;

Donadio

, M.V.F:

Normative Values for the Timed Up and Go test in children and adolescents and validation for individuals with Down Syndrome.

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology

56: 490-497, 2014

Dunaway, S; Montes, J; Garber, C.E.;

Carr

, B; Kramer S.S,

Kamil

-Rosenberg, S; Strauss, N;

Sproule

, D; De Vivo, D.D:

Performance of the timed “Up & Go” Test in Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

Muscle & Nerve

, 273-277, August 2014

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Koman LA, Mooney J, Smith B, Goodman A Mulvaney T. (1994) Management of spsticity in cerebral palsy with botulinum-A toxin: report of a preliminary, randomized, double –blind tiral. J Pediatric Orthop 14: 299-303.Lammers, A.E.; Hisslop, A.A.;Flynn, Y.;Haworth S.G; : The 6-minute walk test: normal values for children of 4-11 years of age. Arch dis Child 93:464-468, 2008Lubetzky-Vilnai, A;Jirikowic, T.L; McCoy,S.W;: Investigation of the dynamic gait index in children: A Pilot Study. Pediatric Physical Therapy; 23:268-273, 2011Mackey, A.H., Lobb, G.L., Walt, S.E., Stott, N.S;: Reliability and validity of the Observational Gait Scale in Children with spastic diplegia. Developmental Medicine & child Neurology 45;4-11, 2003Rathinam, C.;Bateman, A,; Peirson,; Skinner, J;: Observational gait assessment tools in paediatrics –A systematic review. Journal of Gait and posture 40,279-285, 2014

References

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Williams, E.N; Carroll S.G; Reddihough, D.S; Phillips, B.A; and Galea, M.P: Investigation of the timed “Up &Go”test in children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neruology 47: 518-524, 2005

Ulrich, S.; Hildenbrand, F. F.; Treder, U.; Fischler, M.; Keusch, S.; Speich, R: Reference values for the 6-minute walk test in healthy children for adolescents in Switzerland. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 23:49,2013

References

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Gait LAB

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