by Kathleen Stassen Berger Chapter 2 Theories of Development PowerPoint Slides developed by Martin Wolfger and Michael James Ivy Tech Community CollegeBloomington Reviewed by Raquel Henry ID: 596832
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Slide1
The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8eby Kathleen Stassen Berger
Chapter 2– Theories of Development
PowerPoint Slides
developed by
Martin Wolfger and Michael James
Ivy Tech Community College-Bloomington
Reviewed by Raquel Henry
Lone Star College, Kingwood
Slide2
What Theories Do
Developmental Theory a systematic statement of principles and generalizations
provides a framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older.Slide3
Grand Theories
Includes Psychoanalytic, Behavioral, and Cognitive theories.All three are comprehensive, enduring, and widely applied.Slide4
Psychoanalytic Theory
A theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.
Psychoanalytic theory originated with Sigmund Freud (1856– 1939)Slide5
Psychoanalytic Theory
Erickson’s IdeasErik Erikson (1902–1994)
Described eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis.His first five stages build on Freud’s theory; but he also described three adult stages.Slide6
Psychoanalytic TheorySlide7
Behaviorism
A theory of human development that studies observable behavior.
Also called learning theory as it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.Conditioning -
the processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place.Slide8
Behaviorism
Classical conditioning - Ivan Pavlov
(1849-1936)(also called respondent conditioning
), a process in which a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually reacting to the neutral stimulus with the same response as to the meaningful one.Slide9
Behaviorism
Operant conditioning - B.F. Skinner
(1904–1990)(also called instrumental conditioning
)
a learning process in which a particular action is followed either by something desired or by something unwanted.Slide10
ReinforcementIncreasing the probability of a response
A technique for conditioning behaviorExamples:
-Food for a hungry animal-A pat on the back for a job well done-An A for a well written paper
Operant ConditioningSlide11
Behaviorism
Social Learning Theory
- Albert Bandura
(b. 1925)
An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior.
Modeling
- people learn by observing other people and then copying them.
Self-efficacy
- how effective people think they are when it comes to changing themselves or altering their social context.Slide12
Cognitive Theory
Thoughts and expectations profoundly affect action.Focuses on changes in how people think over time.Jean Piaget (1896–1980)Slide13
Cognitive TheorySlide14
Cognitive Equilibrium
A state of mental balance, no confusionInterpret new ideas through past ideasNeeded for intellectual advancement
Easy equilibrium not always possibleIf new experience is not understandable, cognitive disequilibrium
can occur
Cognitive TheorySlide15
Cognitive Theory
Two types of cognitive adaptation:
Assimilation - new experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate with, old ideasAccommodation - old ideas are restructured to include, or accommodate, new experiencesSlide16
Cognitive Theory
Information ProcessingNot a single theory but a frameworkInspired by how a computer works
How people think before they respondHow attention and thought affects mental functionRelationship between one person’s thinking and another’sSlide17
Newer Theories
Sociocultural Theory Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
Development results from a person’s interaction with their social and cultural surroundingsCulture is integral to developmentApprenticeship in thinking
: how cognition is “taught” by the older and more skilled Slide18
Sociocultural Theory
Zone of proximal development Made up of the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring
Learner needs help to masterLearning must be individualizedSlide19
The Universal Perspective
Humanism Abraham Maslow (1908-1970), Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
Stresses the potential of humans for goodAll people have the same needsEmphasize what people have in commonSlide20
The Universal Perspective
Evolutionary TheoryBased on Darwin’s ideas
Very controversial in psychological circlesHumans are more alike than differentHuman development influenced by drives to survive and reproduce
Selective adaptation:
process by which people adapt to their environmentSlide21
What Theories Contribute
Eclectic perspectiveThe approach taken by most developmentalists Aspects of each of the various theories of development are applied rather than adhering exclusively to one Slide22
What Theories Contribute