Understanding The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses When species are discovered they are given scientific names ID: 792369
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5.3 Classification of biodiversity
Understanding:The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congressesWhen species are discovered they are given scientific names Taxonomists classify using taxaAll organisms classified into 3 domainsPrincipal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, speciesIn a natural classification the genus and higher taxa have all evolved from one common ancestorTaxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows a previous taxon contains species evolved from a different ancestorNatural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group
Nature of science:Cooperation and collaboration between groups of scientists: scientists use the binomial system to identify a species rather than the many different local names
ApplicationsClassification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species levelExternal recognition features of bryophytes, filicinophytes, coniferophytes and angiospermophytesRecognition features of porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelide, mollusca and arthropoda, chordataRecognition of features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish
Skills
Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens
Slide25.3 Classification of biodiversity
Understanding:The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congressesWhen species are discovered they are given scientific names Taxonomists classify using taxaAll organisms classified into 3 domainsPrincipal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, speciesIn a natural classification the genus and higher taxa have all evolved from one common ancestorTaxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows a previous taxon contains species evolved from a different ancestorNatural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group
Nature of science:Cooperation and collaboration between groups of scientists: scientists use the binomial system to identify a species rather than the many different local names
ApplicationsClassification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species levelExternal recognition features of bryophytes, filicinophytes, coniferophytes and angiospermophytesRecognition features of porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelide, mollusca and arthropoda, chordataRecognition of features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish
Skills
Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens
Slide3PlantsExternal recognition of features of bryophytes,
filicinophytes, coniferophytes, and angiospermophytes2. Animal phylaRecognise features of porifera, cnidaria, plathelminthes, annelida, mollusca, and arthropoda, chordata3. VertebratesRecognise features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish
Recognition of features:
Slide4Plants classified together in one kingdom
Every plant is made by male and female gametes fusing together. Embryos develop in different ways for different types of plantsTherefore put into different phylaFour main phylaBryophyta (mosses/liverworts/hornworts)Filicinophyta (ferns)Coniferophyta (conifers)Angiospermophyta (flowering plants)
Plants
Slide5Animals divided into over 30 phyla based on characteristics You need to know 6 phyla
Porifera (sponges)Cnidaria (corals/jellyfish)Platyhelminthes (flatworms)Mollusca (snails)Annelida (leeches)Arthropoda (insects)
Animals
Slide6Most species of chordate belong to one of 5 major classes.
BirdsMammalsAmphibiansReptilesFishVertebrates
Slide7For each phyla identify the following features:
Vegetative organs (growth rather than reproduction)Vascular tissue (transport – xylem and phloem)Cambium (cells to reproduce xylem and phloem)Pollen (male gametes)Ovules (contains female gametes)Seeds Fruits
Plants (p266)Animals (p267)Vertebrates (p268)For each of the phyla you must know about the following:Mouth/anusSymmetrySkeletonOther external recognition featuresFor each vertebrate – find out about the following:
SkinHow they breatheLimbsHow they moveHow they reproduce and whereWhere they live (marine or terrestrial)Teeth?Body temperaturePresentations: Wednesday 22nd MarchBryophyta (mosses/liverworts/hornworts)Filicinophyta (ferns)Coniferophyta (conifers)Angiospermophyta (flowering plants)
Porifera
(sponges)
Cnidaria
(corals/jellyfish)
Platyhelminthes
(flatworms)
Mollusca
(snails)
Annelida
(leeches)
Arthropoda
(insects)
Birds
Mammals
Amphibians
Reptiles
Fish
Give examples!
Slide8Plants
BryophytaFilicinophytaConferophytaAngiospermophytaVegetative Organs (growth)
Vascular Tissue (transport)Cambium (produces vascular tissues)Pollen (contain male gametes)Ovules (contain female gametes)Seeds (dispersible unit containing embryo)Fruits (seeds together with fruit wall)
Slide9Animals
Mouth/AnusSymmetrySkeletonOther external featuresPorifera
CnidariaPlatyhelminthesMolluscaAnnelidaArthropoda
Slide10Vertebrates
Bony ray fishAmphibiansReptilesBirdsMammalsSkin
BreathingLimbsMovementReproduceHabitat
TeethBody temperature
Slide11Why are supermarkets organised like this?
Slide12Classification…
All living things arranged into groups according to their similarities
Slide13HOW DO WE IDENTIFY LIVING THINGS?
Slide14Living things…
NMGREHR
Slide15Living things…
NutritionMetabolismGrowthResponseExcretionHomeostasisReproduction
Slide16The 3 domains
EukaryotesEubacteria (prokaryote)Archaea (prokaryote)
Understanding:All organisms classified into 3 domains
Slide17Slide18Feature
BacteriaArchaeaEukaryotaHistones associated with DNAPresence of introns
Structure of cell wallsCell membrane differencesWhat is the difference?
Understanding:All organisms classified into 3 domains
Slide19Feature
BacteriaArchaeaEukaryotaHistones associated with DNAAbsentProteins similar to histones bound to DNAPresent
Presence of intronsRare or absentPresent in some genusFrequentStructure of cell wallsMade of chemical called peptidoglycanNot made of peptidoglycanNot always presentNot made of peptidoglycanCell membrane differencesGlycerol-ester lipids; unbranched side chains; d-form of glycerolGlycerol-ether lipids; unbranched side chains; l-form of glycerolGlycerol-ester lipids; unbranched side chains; d-form of glycerol
What is the difference?Understanding:All organisms classified into 3 domains
Slide20Slide21Classification
Eukaryotes are classified using principal taxa
Understanding:Principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, speciesTaxonomists classify using taxa
Kingdom Phylum ClassOrder FamilyGenusSpecies
K
P
Crisps
Only
For
Good
Students
Slide22Who am I?
Kingdom
Phylum ClassOrder FamilyGenusSpecies
AnimaliaChordataMammaliaCarnivoraCanidaeCanislupus
Applications
Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level
Slide23Slide24Who am I?
Kingdom
Phylum ClassOrder FamilyGenusSpecies
Find one for a plant you likeYou need to remember them(If you don’t like the one for wolf you can find a different animal one too!)
Applications
Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level
Slide25Classification becomes more specific
Kingdom
Phylum ClassOrder FamilyGenusSpecies
AnimaliaChordataMammaliaCarnivoraCanidaeCanislupus
Applications
Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level
Slide26Naming Species
Lords and ladies
Cuckoo pintDevils and angelsCows and bullsWilly LilySnakes meatArum maculatumThe same species can have many different local names.
Understanding:When species are discovered they are given scientific names Taxonomists classify using taxa
Slide27Naming Species
Ensures all scientists use same names
Decided by different animal and plant congressesCooperation and collaboration between scientists
Nature of science:Cooperation and collaboration between groups of scientists: scientists use the binomial system to identify a species rather than the many different local names
Slide28Binomial Names
Rules
:Genus name begins with upper case letter and species name with lower caseItalicsCan be abbreviated once if used already: A.maculatum Genus and species
Understanding:The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congressesWhen species are discovered they are given scientific names
Slide29Natural Classification
Classify organisms in a way that closely follows evolutionMembers of a genus should have a common ancestorMembers of the group share many characteristicsUnnatural classification – grouping birds, bats and insects because they flyFlight evolved separately in these groups and they have very big differences otherwise
Understanding:In a natural classification the genus and higher taxa have all evolved from one common ancestor
Slide30Why do classification?
Identification of species is easierGo through each taxa step by step – assign a kingdom, then a phylumDichotomous keys can be used to help with the processNot easy with unnatural classification2. Prediction of characteristicsInherited similar characteristics from common ancestorCould not do this if we used unnatural classificationE.G find a new species of bat – we know it has mammalian features (could not do if grouped with birds)
Understanding:In a natural classification the genus and higher taxa have all evolved from one common ancestorNatural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group
Slide31Reclassification
New evidence may show that members do not share a common ancestor Split group up into more taxa (or two groups are found to be more similar – merge the groups)
Understanding:Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows a previous taxon contains species evolved from a different ancestor
Slide32Dichotomous Key
Living things grouped together due to similarities
SkillsConstruction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens
Slide33What are these?
BIRDS
Slide34What are these?
MAMMALS
Slide35What are these?
FISH
Slide36We can create a dichotomous key to split these animals up.
To do this we need to ask questions about them to find their differences.How are fish, mammals and birds different?
SkillsConstruction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens
Slide37BIRDSFeathers
MAMMALSFurFISHScales
Slide38This is how we construct a dichotomous key…
Does it have scales?
noyesDoes it have feathers?yesno
Slide39You need to be able to read two different types of dichotomous key and be able to create your own.
Complete the classification worksheetCreate your own classification key using 5 animals of your choiceLook at page 265 in your book turn your key from part 2 into the second type of key.Dichotomous Keys
SkillsConstruction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens