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Chapter 1 The science of Life Chapter 1 The science of Life

Chapter 1 The science of Life - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 1 The science of Life - PPT Presentation

Section 1 the world of biology Section 2 themes in biology Section 3 the study of biology Section 1 the world of biology objectives Relate the relevance of biology to a persons daily life ID: 683929

biology organisms living life organisms biology life living hypothesis reproduction cells change scientific world time cell organization experiment important helps results group

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Slide1

Chapter 1 The science of Life

Section 1 – the world of biology

Section 2 – themes in biology

Section 3 – the study of biologySlide2

Section 1 – the world of biology objectives

Relate the relevance of biology to a person’s daily life.

Describe the importance of biology in human society.

List the characteristics of living things.

Summarize the hierarchy of organization within complex multicellular organisms.

Distinguish between homeostasis and metabolism and between growth, development, and reproduction.Slide3

Biology and you

Biology is the study of life

How living things work

How they Interact with the environment

How they change over time

Biologists study many different types of living things.Slide4

Biology and You

Microorganisms – Microbiology

Bacteria – bacteriology

Fungi – mycology

Viruses – virology

Insects – Entomology

Plants - Botany

Birds – Ornithology

Fish – Ichthyology

Amphibians and reptiles – Herpetology

Cancer – Oncology

Cells and Tissues – Histology

Diseases and Human Health – Epidemiology Slide5

Biology and You

Biologists of various types spend their lives trying to better understand the living world.

Biologists work hard to solve problems that society feels are important

Cure for Cancer

Sustainable farming

Cleaning up pollution

Better treatments for diseases

Vaccines and pharmaceuticals

The better you understand the world around you the better you can direct scientists’ research. You will help determine what important topics get funding. (by electing government officials)Slide6

Characteristics of Life

When is something considered alive?

What are the characteristics necessary for life?Slide7

Characteristics of Life

Organization and the presence of one or more cells

Response to stimulus

Homeostasis

Metabolism

Growth and development

Reproduction

Change through timeSlide8

Organization and cells

Organization is the high degree of order within an organism’s internal and external parts.

Also its interactions with the living world

Compare an Owl and a RockSlide9

Organization and cells

All living things are made up of one or more cells

A cell is the smallest unit that can perform all life’s processes

Unicellular – made up of one cell

Multicellular – made up of multiple cells

Who remembers the hierarchy of Cellular Organization?Slide10

Hierarchy of organizationSlide11

Response to Stimuli

Stimulus is a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment.

Examples:

What happens when you get cold?

What happens when you walk into a dark area after being in the sun?

Organisms must be able to respond and react to changes in their environment in order to stay alive.Slide12

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing.

Maintaining a state of balance

Organisms have systems that help to regulate temperature, water content, and uptake of nutrients by the cells.

Multicellular organisms usually have more than one way to maintain these conditions.

Burning cellular energy for heat or fluffing of feathers or fur to remain warm when the external conditions are cold.Slide13

Metabolisms

Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and material from the environment.

Photosynthesis

Eating foodSlide14

Growth and Development

All living things grow and increase in size.

Crystals or icicles grow by accumulating more of the same material

Growth of living things results from the division and enlargement of cells

Cell division is the formation of two new cells from an existing cell

Unicellular organisms typically grow after division

Multicellular organisms mature through cell division, cell enlargement, and developmentSlide15

Growth and Development

Development is the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult.

Involves cell division and cell differentiation, or specialization

Adults organisms are composed of many cells specialized for different functionsSlide16

Reproduction

Reproduction is the process by which organisms produce new organisms like themselves.

Reproduction is not essential for the survival of an individual organism.

However, it is necessary for the survival of a species as a whole

During reproduction, organisms transmit hereditary information to their offspring.

This information is encoded on DNA.

DNA carries genes Slide17

Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction – hereditary information recombines from two organisms of the same species.

Resulting in offspring that are similar but not identical to their parents.

Plants and animals

Asexual Reproduction – hereditary information from different organisms is not combined

Resulting in the offspring being genetically identical to the parent

Bacteria – binary fission

Hydras and sponges – Budding

Planarians- FragmentationSlide18

Asexual ReproductionSlide19

Change Through Time

The ability of a population of organisms to change over time is important to for the survival in a changing world

The ability to Evolve – Change physically and Genetically over time Slide20

Section 2 – Themes in biology objectives

Identify three important themes that help explain the living world.

Explain how life can be diverse, yet unified.

Describe how living organisms are interdependent.

Summarize why evolution is an important these in biology.Slide21

Diversity and Unity of Life

Diversity, or variety, of life is amazing.

Scientists have identified 1.5 million species on earth. Slide22

Unity in the Diversity of Life

Even with the vast diversity living things are characterized by unity

Genetic code

Presence of organelles that carry out all cellular functions

Share certain genes, but not all.

The “tree of life” shows how organisms are similar and differentSlide23
Slide24

Three Domains of Life

Three Main Branches, or domains, on the “Tree”

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Under these three domains are 6 kingdoms

Bacteria

Bacteria or Eubacteria

Archaea

Archaea

Eukarya

Animalia

Fungi

Plantae

ProtistaSlide25

Interdependence of Organisms

Organisms interact with each other and their environment.

Ecology studies organisms and how they interact with each other and their environment.

It can be very complicated and understanding every detail of these interactions is difficultSlide26

Evolution and Life

Individual organisms change during their lifetime, but their basic genetic characteristics do not change.

However, population of living organisms do change through time, or evolve.

Evolution, or descent with modification, is the process by which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations, sometimes giving rise to new species.

Evolution helps us to understand how the various branches of the “tree of Life” came into existence and have changed over time.Slide27

Natural Selection

Natural selection is one of the mechanisms of evolution.

Survival of the fittest.

Those organisms with the best traits will survive, breed, and pass those traits on to the next generation.

We will spend more time on evolution and natural selection in later chapters.Slide28

Section 3 – The study of biology objectives

Outline the main steps in the scientific method.

Summarize how observations are used to form hypotheses.

List the elements of a controlled experiment.

Describe how scientist use data to draw conclusions.

Compare a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory.

State how communication in science helps prevent dishonesty and bias.Slide29

Science as a process

The scientific method is an organized approach to solve or answer scientific questions.

Helps us to learn how the natural world works.

Who remembers the steps of the scientific Method?Slide30

Steps in the Scientific Method

Observation – observe something that causes you to question.

Hypothesis – educated guess

Prediction – what may happen

Experiment – step wise instructions

Analysis – analyze your data

Conclusion – summarize and restateSlide31

Observation

In order to use the scientific method you must observe something that is testable.

Owls can catch prey in total darkness. How?Slide32

Forming a Hypothesis

Before you can form your hypothesis you must do some research.

What has been done on this topic.

This helps you to develop your hypothesis

Should be in an “If...Then” statement and can contain a prediction about what may occur.

If Owls use hearing to catch prey at night, then in a lighted room, the owl will pounce closer to the mouse’s head. But, in a dark room, the owl will pounce closer to a rustling leaf attached to the mouse. Slide33

Designing an Experiment

The experiment must be well organized and contain all necessary information for the experiment to be repeated.

It must also contain an experimental and a control group

The experimental group is the group you are testing your hypothesis on.

The control group is the normal standard against which the biologist can compare results.

The experimental group has the independent variable, the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.

Presence or absence of light.

The dependent variable is the outcome or response.

Where the owl strikesSlide34

Blind Study

Is a study that is done where the identity of the control and the experimental group is

kept

hidden.

This helps to eliminate bias.

Double Blind

Drug trialsSlide35

Collecting and Analyzing Data

Data should be kept neat and organized.

Charts and graphs should be used to convey the informationSlide36

Drawing Conclusions

Hypotheses are supported or not supported,

they are not Proven.

The conclusion should summarize the experiment and its main points.

It will state areas of possible error, or future studies.Slide37

Hypothesis vs Theory

A hypothesis may be supported, but it does not mean that it is true. A hypothesis should be repeatable. Scientists should get the same or similar results to further support the hypothesis.

When a hypothesis has been supported by many experiments it can become a theory.

Theories are not written in stone.

As new research and tools become available theories can be modified. Slide38

Communication of Ideas

It is important that scientists share their results. It helps to verify their work and leads to new areas of research.

We would not have the scientific advances we have today if scientists did not share their results.

Scientists will publish their results in Peer reviewed journals. (primary Journals)

These are journals that other scientists in their field will read their research to ensure it is done in a scientifically sound manner. Slide39

Honesty and bias

Honesty is essential in science. Falsifying results could mean death for an individual.

Repeating another’s experiment helps to prevent this.

Conflicts of interest are important to avoid.

A scientist who owns a biotech company may not be the best to perform the experiments to Ensure its safety.