How did the aims and agendas of the radical parties differ from - PowerPoint Presentation

How did the aims and agendas of the radical parties differ from one another? Lesson outcomes:   To recall the parties that emerged in the early 1900s and why they were formed To compare the nature of these emerging parties and how they grew and developed To evaluate the impact that these parties had on Russian politics

StarterOn your table, create a 5 point manifesto for a ‘radical’ party of your choosing. What makes a political party ‘radical’?

Radical Parties Before the 1905 Revolution, the Tsar had complete political authority within Russia – no political parties were permitted. Therefore, the many radical parties that were formed were illegal. They all had one thing in common – they wanted to see an end to the Tsarist autocracy. But that was the only aim they had in common. Radical parties covered the entire political spectrum. Some of them were heavily influenced by the ideas of German philosopher Karl Marx.

What is Communism?A Simple Lesson

What is Communism?This is the symbol of Communism – The Hammer and the Sickle Hammer for the Workers Sickle for the Peasants – the farm labourers Marx Engels

What is Communism?Marx and Engels wrote the ‘Communist Manifesto’ in 1847. It’s a short book – but billions of people have read it…. This is Karl Marx, the ‘Father of Communism’. People who believe in his ideas are called ‘Marxists’ This is his good friend, Frederick Engels.

What is Communism?Marx and Engels studied the history of the world’s economies This means the way that power, industry and finance are controlled. They saw the way countries developed in stages. Primitive Communism Feudalism Capitalism Socialism Communism

What is Primitive Communism? Primitive Communism This is how humans first lived together – in small tribes. Primitive means ‘not very advanced’ e.g. hunting and gathering. Communism means that everything was shared amongst the tribe – food, jobs, belongings. No-one owned land. Eventually a group comes to power – this leads to Feudalism…

How do we get to Communism? Primitive Communism Feudalism

What is Feudalism? Primitive Communism Feudalism Under feudalism, a king or emperor or chief becomes the ruler over all the people. He gives land and privileges to ‘nobles’ who rule the people for him. The people are kept uneducated and told that god chose the king to rule. The church helps the king this way. As trade develops, some people get richer. This leads to Capitalism…..

How do we get to Communism? Primitive Communism Feudalism Capitalism

What is Capitalism? Feudalism Capitalism The business owners or capitalists get richer while the workers do all the hard work. The capitalists get more power to serve their own interests. Capitalism creates a huge working-class of people who soon get angry at the way they are treated. They organise in unions and demand changes. This will lead to a revolution and Socialism…

How do we get to Communism? Primitive Communism Feudalism Capitalism Socialism

What is Socialism? Socialism Capitalism In the Socialist revolution all the rulers – kings, churches, capitalists are got rid of. The workers take control of the country to produce things for everyone. Because nothing is made for profit, all people benefit from education and health. These ideas spread across the world to create Communism….

How do we get to Communism? Primitive Communism Feudalism Capitalism Socialism Communism

What is Communism? Socialism Communism The remaining capitalists put up a bitter fight, but the will of the people will always win. As everyone now works together, war is a thing of the past – armies are not needed. Sharing means no police are needed. Everything is provided by the people – so money becomes a thing of the past. All human activity goes towards benefiting each other – allowing all to live their lives to the full.

At which stage was Russia by the start of the twentieth century? https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1335Yx1cvI&feature=yout.be 30mins (Mark Steel on Marxism) With w/s on active history Quick guide to M arxism: https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vz3eOb6Yl1s 4mins Task: Draw a simplified diagram of the Marxist system. See Culpin p21 or Murphy p25

Why did so many radical organisations develop in Russia?Write numbers corresponding to each box in the correct section of your Venn diagram depending on whose anger each one explains.Work individually. You have 10 minutes. Extension: Which group do you think would have been the angriest? Explain your answer. End

What was the most radical organisation in Russia?Activity 1: Write numbers corresponding to each box in the correct section of your Venn diagram depending on whose anger each one explains. 1) Witte had increased the amount of tax paid by peasants to finance industrial development, plunging many of them into even greater poverty. 2) Russians felt disconnected from the western world due to strict government censorship. 3) There was little regulation of working conditions in factories. Consequently, the hours were long, wages were low, child labour was common, workers were often beaten and injuries were common and uncompensated. In 1905 there were 500 deaths due to accidents in the metal industry alone. 4) The government was corrupt, disorganised, incompetent and did not represent the majority of Russians, who had no say in who ruled. 5) Russians had few basic rights, such as free speech and universal education, which were becoming common in other European countries. 8) The recession at the start of the 20 th century meant that the prices of basic items, such as oil for lighting, sugar, matches and vodka, were increasing, whilst unemployment was high and wages were low. 10) A worldwide recession from 1900 damaged profits, forcing factory owners to cut wages and lay people off, leading to high unemployment. 11) Although some laws were introduced to improve working conditions in factories, there were few inspectors to enforce the laws and they were often ignored. 12) The continuing inefficiency of agricultural methods, combined with the growing population meant that famines became increasingly common. For example, 400,000 people died due to famine in the Volga region alone in 1891-92. 13) Bad harvests in 1902 and 1903 only worsened food shortages and pushed up the cost of food. 14) Industrialisation had occurred so quickly in the 1890s that the supply of housing could not keep up with the growth of population in the cities. This led to terrible living conditions, with whole families sharing a bed and no clean water. 9) The growing population meant that farmland had to be split between more people. As a result, many peasants did not have enough land to live on . In illustration, the government estimated that a family needed 5.5 hectares of land to survive, but by 1900 22% of peasants had less than this. Peasants Workers Minorities Middle Class 6) Jewish people were increasingly becoming the victims of pogroms, where when a large mob would enter the Jewish part of towns to destroy Jewish businesses and beat, rob, rape and even kill Jewish people. These were sometimes organised by the government. 16) in Poland, where Catholicism was the dominant religion, monasteries were closed, no new Catholic churches were allowed to be built, sermons had to be officially approved and Catholic nobles had to pay an extra 10% in tax. 15) Russia had been made the official language of the entire Russian Empire, including areas where virtually no one spoke Russian. 7) Native Russians were put in charge of running areas of the country with large ethnic minority populations.

The formation of radical parties Aims/views Supporters Methods How radical? Social Democrats (Bolsheviks) Social Democrats (Mensheviks) Social Revolutionaries Populists Liberals ( Kadets ) Liberals ( Octobrists )

LeaderThe leading members were two university students called Peter Lavrov and Nikolai Chaikovsky. The overall leader was Victor Chernov, but there were many smaller groups within the SRs that had their own leaders. Led by George Plekhov, the original founder of the SDs. Led by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov. The key members were Alexander Guchkov, a factory owner, and Mikhail Rodzianko, a landowner. Led by Paul Milyukov. Ideas Influenced by the exiled Russian writer Alexander Herzon. Believed all land should be taken from the upper class and shared among the peasants. Wanted Russia to be run through small local governments. Similar ideas to the Populists. They wanted land to be shared among the peasants and governed through local democracy. Based on the ideas of Karl Marx. They wanted to improve the rights of workers (economism) whilst waiting for the bourgeois revolution, which could be followed by a proletarian revolution. Based on the ideas of Karl Marx. Thought Russia could skip the bourgeois revolution and go straight to a proletarian revolution. Believed economism played into the hands of the upper class by making workers less likely to revolt Saw the October Manifesto as the end point of reform and wanted to use the powers it gave to modernise Russia and make it fairer. Saw the October Manifesto as the starting point of reform. They wanted democratically elected local and national governments, whom the Tsar had to obey. Wanted all citizens to have the same basic rights. E.g. free speech. Supporters Most supporters were university students or professionals (lawyers and doctors). Tried unsuccessfully to win support from peasants. Never had much support. Largest of all the radical organisations. Most of their supporters were peasants. Many of the leading members were middle class. They tried unsuccessfully to win support from industrial workers. They had an open membership so anyone was welcome to join. Most of their support came from industrial workers. Most of the leading members were middle class. They were larger than the Bolsheviks. They had a closed membership, carefully selecting those who joined. Led by a small group of dedicated middle class revolutionaries. Supported by industrial workers and poor peasants. Supported by the wealthiest members of the middle class. E.g. owners of large factories and mines. Supported by the lower middle class. E.g. small business owners, doctors and lawyers. Methods Published a magazine called ‘The Bell’. Went into the countryside to live with peasants and win their support, but the peasants thought their ideas were unrealistic and often turned them in to police. Used more radical tactics over time. Methods varied between smaller groups within the overall organisation. Left SRs used terrorism. E.g. 2,000 assassinations from 1900 to 1905. Right SRs used speeches and pamphlets to persuade people to support them. Published pamphlets to campaign for workers’ rights. Supported trade unions and protests. Were willing to work with other radical organisations. Used a newspaper called ‘Iskra’ to spread their ideas. Trained workers as professional revolutionaries, then smuggled them back into Russia. Used crime to finance themselves. E.g. robbing post offices. Only prepared to use peaceful methods. Tried to work with the Tsarist government to implement the October Manifesto. Got involved in the Zemstva. Only prepared to use peaceful methods. Published newspapers and pamphlets to spread their message. Got involved with the Zemstva. Octobrists Kadets Populists Social Revolutionaries (SRs) Mensheviks Bolsheviks Social Democrats (SDs) Liberal Reformers (wanted peaceful change to make the Tsarist system fairer) Marxist Revolutionaries (willing to use violence to get rid of the Tsarist system and create a new social order ) Liberals first appeared in the 1890s as industrial development created a larger middle class. The movement split into two groups after the 1905 Revolution over a disagreement about how to respond to the Tsar’s October Manifesto. The Social Democrats were founded in 1898. They split into two separate organisations at the second party congress in 1903 over a disagreement about the direction of the party. Date founded Appeared in the 1860s after the Emancipation of the Serfs. Officially founded in 1901 by drawing together the remnants of the Populist movement.

What were the similarities and differences between the radical organisations?Write answers to the questions below on the lined paper provided. Work individually. You have 10 minutes. Were there any ideas or methods shared by all of the radical organisations? 2. What were the most significant differences between the radical organisations? 3. Which organisation do you think was the most likely to succeed in its aims? Explain your answer. End

What was the most radical organisation in Russia?Write your name on your post it note, then place it above the organisation you think was most radical. Be prepared to explain your choice. Populists Social Revolutionaries Bolsheviks Mensheviks Octobrists Kadets

b) To be able to analyse which party was most radical and most likely to succeed in its aims before 1914 Task: Decide which group are: Most radical Going to be most successful Write a paragraph for each explaining your choice. Compare to other parties to support your judgement

Key terms October Manifesto – an agreement signed by the Tsar promising reforms (to be looked at in more depth in later lessons) Populism – a political idea of ‘the people’ against ‘the elites’ Liberalism - a political idea favouring democracy and rights for all Marxism – …you tell me!

ExtensionWhich party do you regard as the most radical? Give reasons for your choice.Highlight any similarities between the partiesWhich radical party do you think was most likely to succeed in its aims in the years before 1914?

PlenaryDiscuss as a pair and come up with a reason why each group will be successful, and a reason why they won’t be successful. Who will come out on top?

The formation of radical parties Your task is to design a poster that explains the nature of the radical party you are studying. You must include the following: An explanation of the aims, methods and supporters of your group A cartoon/poster that encourages people to support the group An imagined response by the Tsar to the party – this can take whatever form you wish CHALLENGE – write a list of questions to challenge this party on their beliefs

Word CloudsUsing http://www.wordle.net/Produce 2 word clouds (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks)