Presentations text content in Pathological
Slide1
Pathological events maybe generated by certain transmitter(s).
Somorjai Dávid
Slide2Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are endogenous bioactive substances
Substances used as neurotransmitters belong to three
distinct families:
(1) amines, (2) purines and (3) peptides
Criteria
of chemical neurotransmitters:
1. The synthesis of the chemical transmitter takes place in the
presynaptic neuron
2. The synthesized transmitter or it precursor is stored in the release
compartment of the cell, most frequently in axon terminals
3. Release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft upon
excitation of the presynaptic element
4. Binding of the transmitter to its receptor/s/ that belong to ionotropic
and metabotropic classes
5. Termination of the action of transmitters and its triggered
mechanisms
Slide3Glutamate
powerful excitatory neurotransmittermore than half of the synapsis are glutamate in the CNSplays an important role in learning and memory, plasticity, long term potentiation, neurotoxicitySynthesized by two major pathways:->from α-ketoglutarate and donor amino acids by means of transmission->glutamine by the action of the enzyme glutaminaseThere are at least five excitatory aminoacid repetors ->NMDA is the most importantNMDA is implicated in memory, development and epilepsy
Slide4Glutamate toxicity
Excitotoxicity = excitatory + toxicity
damaging
t
he
nerve cells and the
brain
-> two general ways
too much glutamate around ->overtoxication of the receiving nerve cell
the receptors for the glutamate can be
oversensitive
Cells become overexcited -> cell damage and/or
death
acute and chronic glutamate
toxicity
the
susceptibility of neurons to excitotoxicity can change tremendously with age
Slide5Excitotoxicity Theory
Slide6Thank you for your attention!
Sources:http://web.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/hopes_test/about-glutamate-toxicity/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4679930/http://neurotransporter.org/glutamate.html+ seminarium handouts and slides
Pathological
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