Dawn of the Common Era Mesopotamian Religion GrecoRoman Religion Classical Greek Philosophy Hellenistic Philosophy Monotheism Zoroastrianism Abrahamic Religions Judaism Christianity Islam ID: 693042
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Slide1
Religion and Philosophyat the Dawn of the Common EraSlide2
Mesopotamian ReligionGreco-Roman ReligionClassical Greek PhilosophyHellenistic PhilosophyMonotheism Zoroastrianism Abrahamic Religions
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
Jainism
Buddhism
Confucianism
DaoismSlide3
Animism
Anthropomorphic
Polytheism
Philosophy
Theology
(
Religion)
“Faith”
Why are things the way they are?
Monotheism
Science
EthicsSlide4
Animism
and
City GodsSlide5
Animism
and
City Gods
600-500 BCESlide6
Classical Greek PhilosophyThales of Miletus (634-546) Tries to explain the natural world w/o mythsXenophanes (570-475) All things have a natural explanation"One god, greatest among gods and humans,
like mortals neither in form nor in thought.“
Pythagoras (570-495)
transmigration and reincarnation of the soulSlide7
Classical Greek PhilosophySocrates (469-399) Socratic method Plato (424-327) Student of Socrates
Founded the “Academy”
Gives us what we know of Socrates
“Platonic idealism”
The “universal” is apart from specific thingsReason from the general to the specificSlide8
Classical Greek PhilosophyAristotle (384-322) Student of Plato Teacher of Alexander The universal is in the specific thing.Slide9
Hellenistic Schools of PhilosophyNeo-Platonism Virtue and meditation allowed the Soul to join the One Skepticism Nothing can be provenCynicism Live life in harmony with Nature; reject desire
Stoicism
Self-control to overcome destructive emptions; duty
Epicureanism
Life is governed by chance; pleasure is the absence of pain
Eclecticism
Combination of elements of all schoolsSlide10
Greco-Roman ReligionThe 12 Olympian Deities GreeksZeus Father of the godsPoseidon Brother of Zeus, god of oceans
Hades Brother of Zeus, god of the underworld
Hestia Sister of Zeus; virgin goddess of the hearth
Hera Sister/wife of Zeus; protector of married women
Ares Child of Zeus/Hera; god of war
Athena Child of Zeus; virgin goddess of cities
Apollo Child of Zeus and
Leto; god of music, light, and truthAphrodite Child of ?; goddess of love, beauty, and desireHermes Child of Zeus and Maia; god of thieves and commerceArtemis Twin of Apollo; goddess of wild things, protector of children
Hephaestus Son of Hera; ugly and lame; god of fire and the forgeSlide11
Greco-Roman ReligionThe 12 Olympian Deities GreeksZeus
Poseidon
Hades
Hestia
Hera
Ares
Athena Apollo Aphrodite
Hermes Artemis Hephaestus
RomansJupiter NeptunePluto
VestaJunoMars
MinervaApolloVenusMercury
DianaVulcanSlide12
Monotheism Pharaoh Akhenaten (d. c. 1336 BCE) Atenism (the Amarna
heresy)
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
ZoroastrianismSlide13
Zoroastrianism Zoroaster, c. 9th century BCE ?Sacred texts: The
Avesta
One transcendent, creator god:
Ahura
Mazda
Amesha Spenta (order)
Ahriman (chaos)Life is a struggle between Truth and Falsehood Slide14
Zoroastrianism Major or dominant religion of Achaemenid Persia
Seleucid Persia
Parthia
Sassanid Persia
Arabic armies conquer Persia by 661 CE Islam becomes major religion of Persia by 1000Slide15Slide16Slide17
JudaismRooted in MesopotamiaBasic writings took shape during the Babylonian Exile (587–538 BCE)Founding figure Abraham“Institutional” founder Moses
Covenant between Abraham and “Yahweh”Slide18
JudaismMain Texts Torah (Laws) Prophets Writings
Talmud
“Old Testament”Slide19
ChristianityOutgrowth of JudaismMajor texts: “New Testament” Gospels Acts of the Apostles Epistles
Revelations
(Apocrypha)
Messianic cult/religion
Yeshua/Jesus is Yahweh’s son/representativeSlide20
ChristianityFirst Council of Nicaea, 325 CE Call by Emperor Constantine “Regularizes” Christianity Established the biblical “canon”
“Nicene Creed”
“We
believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of all things seen and
unseen. And
in one Lord, Jesus Christ the Son of God, begotten of the Father, the only-begotten . . .”Slide21
IslamAn “Abrahamic religion”Abraham is “founder” of Islam patriarch prophet the “perfect Moslem”
established the
Kaaba
ancestor of Muhammad the ProphetSlide22
Islam“Institutionalized” by Muhammad (570-632) Born in Mecca, a shepherd and merchant At age 40 began to receive revelations from God Left Mecca for Medina in 622
“Constitution
of
Medina” unites various tribes
Mecca taken in 630Slide23
IslamMajor text: Quran (Qu-ran, Koran, etc.) "the recitation“The revelations of the angel Gabriel to Muhammad
The final revelations of God
Muhammad the last in a line of prophets beginning with Adam and going through JesusSlide24
HinduismMore a religious tradition than a religion.Major concepts Karma The cycle of cause and effect
Dharma
The behaviors necessary to maintain order
Reincarnation One God manifested in many formsSlide25
“Creation Hymn”“Who really knows?Who will here proclaim it?Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation?
The gods came afterwards, with the creation of this universe.
Who then knows whence it has arisen?”
Rig VedaSlide26
Major texts Vedas 1,400 BCE – 800 BCE revealed truths Upanishads 800 BCE – early modern era
commentariesSlide27
JainismComes out of the Vedic tradition (?)The Soul attains perfection by ridding itself of all the layers of karma.The “Great Vows” Non-violence
Truthfulness
Non-stealing
Celibacy
Non-possession, non-materialismSlide28
BuddhismSiddhārtha Gautama, 563-483 BCEBuddha = “The Enlightened One”
Enlightenment achieved by the “Middle Way.”
Goal: break the cycle of reincarnation.
Numerous sects and branches of Buddhism.Slide29
BuddhismThe Noble Eightfold Path Right understanding Right intention
Right speech
Right action
Right livelihood
Right effort
Right mindfulness Right concentrationSlide30
Confucianism A philosophy of ethics emphasizing harmony and duty.Confucius (“Master Kong”), 551–479 BCE Main text:
The AnalectsSlide31
Confucianism The “Five Virtues” Humaneness Righteousness (Justice) Propriety (Etiquette)
Knowledge
IntegritySlide32
Confucianism The “Five Bonds” Ruler - Ruled Father - Son Husband - Wife
Elder Brother - Younger Brother
Friend - FriendSlide33
Daoism (Taoism) Philosophical and religious system emphasizing living in harmony with the “Way.”Founder: Laozi (“Old Master”), contemporary of Confucius.Main text:
Tao
Te
Ching
If I can explain it, it isn’t The Dao.