Santalum album - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Santalum album

as a specialty seed oil source: A preliminary study

Upul

Subasinghe

Department of Forestry and Environment Science

University of Sri Jayewardenepura

Sri Lanka

Dhanushka

Hettiarachchi

Wescorp

Group of Companies

AustraliaSlide2

Sandalwood –

Santalum speciesFamily - SantalaceaeWood scented by godsWood with heavenly smellSlide3

3

Uses of stem

Aromatic oil (perfumery)

Religious

Spiritual (meditation)

Cultural uses (marriages)Crafts, ToysMedicineSlide4

Sandalwood – Different species

(Family – Santalaceae)S. acuminatum

:

Desert Quandong, Sweet Quandong (Australia)

S. album:

Indian Sandalwood, White Sandalwood, ChandanS. austrocaledonicum:  (New Caledonia, Vanuatu)S. ellipticum:

Iliahialoʻe Coast Sandalwood (Hawaii)S. fernandezianum: Juan Fernández Islands

S. freycinetianum: Iliahi (Hawaii)S. haleakalae: Iliahi (Hawaii)

S. lanceolatum:

Northern Sandalwood (Australia)

S. macgregorii:

Papua New Guinea, Indonesia

S. murrayanum:

Bitter Quandong (Australia)

S. obtusifolium:

(Australia)

S. paniculatum:

Iliahi (Hawaii)

S. salicifolium:

Willow leaf

Sandalwood

S. spicatum:

Australian sandalwood (Australia)

S. yasi

:

Yasi (Fiji, Niue, Tonga)

Slide5

Aromatic oil (Santalol)

Heartwood

Essential oil

(1-5%)

Santalol (50-75%)

α

-

Santalol

(41-55%)

β

-

Santalol

(16-24%)

Colour: Nearly colourless to golden yellow

Odour: Pleasant,

sweet

Isolation Method: Steam/hydro distillationSlide6

Vegetable oil

Traditionally used as food, and for medicinal and cosmetics

Global demand for vegetable oils has steadily increased

Cosmetic industry to seek plant alternatives for oils and

oleochemicals

derived from fossil fuels Omega-3 fatty acids have been a major focus of any oil used as a supplementary food and neutraceutical

Several oils have reached the food industry as specialty foods (avocado oil, macadamia nut oil, red palm oil) There are specialty oils known as boutique oils used in cosmetic and personal care industry

(aragon oil, jojoba oil, shea butter)Slide7

Properties of vegetable oils in cosmetic industry

Used as a carrier or non-aqueous medium

Provide physical feel and protection on skin such as

moisturising

and elasticityMajor lipid components provide nutrition

Minor lipid components activate principles on skin such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and

anti-inflammatoryUsually cosmetic industry requires oils which have a high oxidative stability and distinctive odour or

flavour

Specialty oils can add to the market and consumer appealSlide8

8

Australian sandalwood seed oil

Seed

k

ernel

is rich in a drying fixed oil (50-60%), Characterised by containing a high percentage of unusual acetylenic fatty acids such as ximenynic

acid and a high percentage of oleic acid Commercial production based from plantations has just commenced as a novel cosmetic ingredient Slide9

Sandalwood distribution in Sri Lanka

Santalum albumSlide10
Slide11

Growth rate:

Dbh: 0.3 to 1.0 cm yr-1 Height: 0.2 to 1.0 m yr-1

Maturity: after 25 to 30 years

Heartwood: not studied

Growth under natural conditionsSlide12

Illegal felling

Problems Associated with Homestead Sandalwoods ..............Slide13

Legal status

Protected under the Flora and Fauna Protection Act (1964)

Recent amendment – in 2009 No 22

However, the above act is not valid if another regulation is more effective

Permission is needed for the product export

from: Department of Wildlife Conservation Department of Forest Conservation Department of Ayurvedic MedicineSlide14

A preliminary attempt

Quantification of the seed parameters, lipid content and the fatty acid profile of Santalum album grown in plantations and home gardens of Sri Lanka.

Objectives of the present studySlide15

Mature trees naturally growing in homegardens of Welimada (WM) area

4-year old plantation at Beragala (BG)

Methodology

Selected sites

District

Ele, m

RF, mm

Temp, CD, cmH, m

Badulla

1000-1500

1500-2000

22.5-25.0

4.0-15.0

3.0-19.5Slide16

Methodology

100 seeds from each site (May-June 2013)

De-pulping and air-drying

Removal of seed coat (endocarp)

Size reduction of kernel

Solvent extraction by

Floch’s method

Oil

Solvent removal by rotary vacuum evaporator

Storage in cotton bags

Constituent analysis

Transesterification and GC-MS analysis

Weighing

Weighing and yield calculationSlide17

Floch’s

method: Solvent - Hexane and Isopropyl acetate (3:2) Extraction – At room temperature with stirring Solvent renewal – Twice Oil –

Transesterified

using

methanolic

KOH at room temperature Non-aquas layer – Diluted (1000 folds) and subjected to GC-MS analysis with non-adecanoic acid (C19) as the internal standardSlide18

Parameter

WM (Homegarden)BG (Young

plantation)

Seed diameter, mm

5.57±0.05

6.26±0.05Oil content%**40.34±1.0327.5±6.85

Ximenynic acid%91.17±0.65

94.67±1.03Palmitic acid%0.36

0.31

Palmitolenic

acid

%

0.13

0.10

Stearic acid

%

0.35

0.42

Linoleic acid

%

0.260.38Linolenc acid%0.12

0.13Steroloeic acid%**1.050.56

Results

** Significantly differentSlide19

ResultsSlide20

Constituent %

WM (Homegarden)BG (Young

plantation)

Australian SW

Oil content

40.327.550.0Ximenynic

acid91.294.7

30.9Palmitic acid0.36

0.31

3.4

Palmitolenic

acid

0.13

0.10

0.7

Stearic acid

0.35

0.42

2.7

Linoleic acid

0.260.38

1.2Linolenic acid0.120.131.3

Steroic acid

1.05

0.56

1.0

Comparison with Australian sandalwoodSlide21

Conclusions

Seed diameter is larger in young plantation

Seed oil content is significantly higher in the seeds of mature trees

Ximenynic acid content is above 90% for both vegetations

Palmitic, Palmitolenic, Stearic, Linolic and Linolenic acid contents were

below 0.5% for both vegetations and not significant

v. Steroic acid content was significantly higher in seeds of the mature trees than young plantsXimenynic

acid content is much lower in S. spicatum in Australia but the oil content is higher than in S. album in Sri LankanSlide22

Thank You .......

Acknowledgement

Sadaharitha Plantations Ltd

Former research students

Eranda Rathnamala

Udara Sampath