8 S EPTEMBER O CTOBER 2003 Effects of Garcinia cambogia Hydroxycitric Acid on Visceral Fat Accumulation A DoubleBlind Randomized PlaceboControlled Trial Kohsuke Hayamizu MS 12 Yuri Ishii MS Izuru Kaneko DVM Manzhen Shen ID: 1020 Download Pdf
. 8, S EPTEMBER /O CTOBER 2003 Effects of Garcinia cambogia (Hydroxycitric Acid) on Visceral Fat Accumulation: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Kohsuke Hayamizu, MS, 1,2 Yuri Ishii, MS, Izuru Kaneko, DVM, Manzhen Shen,
. 8, S EPTEMBER /O CTOBER 2003 Effects of Garcinia cambogia (Hydroxycitric Acid) on Visceral Fat Accumulation: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Kohsuke Hayamizu, MS, 1,2 Yuri Ishii, MS, Izuru Kaneko, DVM, Manzhen Shen,
to investigate qualitative literature on end-and conduct the review systeme methods and philosophical An enlightened attitude is employed that approaches diversities in practice, consolidated from a
WEBSITE www.immuno way .com MAILorder@immunoway.com immuno way .com CD298 Polyclonal AntibodyCatalog No.:YT5623 For esearch se nly WEBSITE www.immuno way .com MAILorder@immunoway.com tech@ immuno wa
brPage 1br OUSE ESEARCH Short Subjects Joel Michael Updated June 2012 Property Tax Abatements for Economic Development What is economic development property tax abatement 0LQQHVRWD57347ODZ
. 8, S EPTEMBER /O CTOBER 2003 Effects of Garcinia cambogia (Hydroxycitric Acid) on Visceral Fat Accumulation: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Kohsuke Hayamizu, MS, 1,2 Yuri Ishii, MS, Izuru Kaneko, DVM, Manzhen Shen,
. 8, S EPTEMBER /O CTOBER 2003 Effects of Garcinia cambogia (Hydroxycitric Acid) on Visceral Fat Accumulation: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Kohsuke Hayamizu, MS, 1,2 Yuri Ishii, MS, Izuru Kaneko, DVM, Manzhen Shen,
and herapeutic ompendium Editor: Roy Upton Herbalist
Deputy . Administrator . Animal Production . &. . Protection. Office . of. . National. Programs . -. . ARS. USDA . Financial . Management . Training . 10 July. . 2019. USDA. and. . ARS. Sonny.
30JSD BY JUDY WURTZEL urrent highschool reformand alternativepaths to post-secondary education.While these reforms are necessary,recent evaluations of improving high-poverty high schools in urban dis
8 S EPTEMBER O CTOBER 2003 Effects of Garcinia cambogia Hydroxycitric Acid on Visceral Fat Accumulation A DoubleBlind Randomized PlaceboControlled Trial Kohsuke Hayamizu MS 12 Yuri Ishii MS Izuru Kaneko DVM Manzhen Shen
Download Pdf - The PPT/PDF document "URRENT HERAPEUTIC ESEARCH OLUME 64 No" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
URRENTHERAPEUTICESEARCHOLUME64,No.8,SEPTEMBER AcceptedforpublicationJune24,2003.Reproductioninwholeorpartisnotpermitted.0011-393X/03/$19.002003ExcerptaMedica,Inc. signicantdifferencesinBMIorbodyweightatweek12,buttherewereslightnumericdecreasesinbodyweightandBMIinmen.Therewerenosignsofareboundeffectfromweek12toweek16.Gcambogiareducedabdominalfataccumulationinsubjects,regardlessofsex,whohadthevisceralfataccumulationtypeofobesity.Noreboundeffectwasobserved.ItisthereforeexpectedthatGcambogiamaybeusefulforthepreventionandreductionofaccumulationofvisceralfat.(TherResClinExp.2003;64:551567)Copyright2003ExcerptaMedica,Inc.Keywords:Garciniacambogia,hydroxycitricacid,visceralfataccumulation,computedtomographyscan.TheprevalenceofoverweighthasincreasedsubstantiallyinJapanduringthepastdecadeanditcontinuestorise.Accordingtorecentstatistics,30%oftheJapaneseadultpopulationmeetsthecurrentdenitionofoverweight(bodymassindex[BMI]25kg/mObesityisaproblemnotonlyintheWesternworldbutalsoinJapan.Itiswellacceptedthatobesityisariskfactorfortype2diabetes,coronaryheartdisease,andhypertension.Severalstudies,how-ever,haveshownthatmeasurementofoveralladiposityorbodyweight,suchaswithBMI,maynotadequatelydescribetherelationshipofbodyfattoItappearsthatvisceralfatarea(VFA)morefullyexplainsthisTheclusteringofhyperinsulinemia,dyslipidemia,type2diabe-tesmellitus,andhypertensioniscalledtheinsulinresistancesyndromebolicsyndrome,syndromeXAccordingly,evaluationofobesityforthepreventionofsyndromeXmustbeconductedusingnotonlybodyweightorBMIbutalsoVFA.Incidentally,ithasbeenreportedthatahigh-carbohydrate(sucrose)dietincreasesvisceralfataccumulationinrats.Therefore,control-lingthesurplusenergyfromahigh-carbohydratedietisexpectedtobeeffectiveinpreventingtheaccumulationofvisceralfat.Severalstudieshavedemonstratedthat(-)-hydroxycitricacid(HCA),theprincipalacidoftherindoftheIndianfruitGarciniacambogia,isacompeti-tiveinhibitorofadenosinetriphosphatecitratelyase,theenzymethatcata-lyzestheextramitochondrialcleavageofcitratetooxaloacetateandacetylcoenzymeA.ThisactionofHCAshouldreducetheacetylcoenzymeApool,thuslimitingtheavailabilityof2-carbonunitsrequiredforfattyacidandcholesterolInvitroandinvivostudiesshowthatHCAinhibitstheactionsofcitratecleavageenzyme,suppressesdenovofattyacidsynthesis,increasesratesofhepaticglycogensynthesis,anddecreasesbodyweightgain.humanstudies,onlysupportingevidenceexistsfortheefcacyofGcambogiainweightcontrol,andithasyettobeassessedinrelationshiptovisceralfat K.Hayamizuetal.WepreviouslyreportedthattheefcacyofHCAdependsoninitialVFAvaluesandwasobviousinsubjectswhoseinitialVFAwas90cm.Becauseweenrolledoverweightorobeseclass1subjects(BMI,2535kg/m)inthatstudy,highVFAwasnotoneoftheinclusioncriteria.Thegoalofthepresentstudywastoexaminetheeffectsof12weeksofGcambogiatreatmentonvisceralfataccumulationinsubjectshavingaVFA90cmSUBJECTSANDMETHODSAllsubjectshadtobebetweentheagesof20and65yearsandhaveaVFA.Allofthesubjectsweretobegenerallyhealthyandhavenohistoryofdiabetesmellitus;dysfunctionoftheliver,kidney,orheart;orhematologicdisease.OtherinclusionandexclusioncriteriaaregiveninTableI.Mostofthesubjectswereclassiedaslevel1to2(mild)intermsofself-reporteddailyactivityaccordingtothe6thRecommendedDietaryAllowancesfortheJapaneseThisstudywascarriedoutwithsufcientrespectforthespiritoftheDeclara-tionofHelsinkiandwasapprovedbytheinstitutionalreviewboardsofFANCLCorporation,MaebashiHirosegawaClinic(Gunma,Japan),andOnoClinic(Osaka,Japan).Theprocedureswerefullyexplainedtoallthesubjectsinadvance,andallgavetheirwritteninformedconsentbeforeparticipating.TreatmentGcambogiaextractwasprovidedbyNipponShinyakuCo.,Ltd.,Kyoto,Japan.TheHCAconcentrationwas60%asdeterminedbyhigh-performanceliquid TableI.Studyinclusionandexclusioncriteria. InclusioncriteriaAge2065yearsOverweight(BMI25kg/mVisceralfatarea90cmNofluctuationofBMIbytheendoftherun-inperiodProvisionofwritteninformedconsentExclusioncriteriaDiabetes(fastingplasmaglucose,126mg/dL)Dysfunctionofliver,kidneys,orheartHematologicdiseaseHistoryofdrughypersensitivityorallergicconditionthatmightinterferewiththestudyUseofdrugsordietarysupplementsthatmightinfluencebodyweight,bodyfat,orserumlipidlevelsPregnancyorlactationAnyotherabnormalityofpotentialclinicalsignificance bodymassindex. chromatography.Theactiveherbalwasa270-mgtabletcontaining185.25mgGcambogiaextract.Intheplacebotablet,theactivecompoundwasreplacedwithcellulose(Avicel,AsahiKaseiCorp.,Tokyo,Japan)asaninertingredient.Theexcipientsweredextrinandcellulose.Subjectswereinstructedtotake3tablets30minutesbeforeeachmeal(9tablets/d).Thetotaldailydosewas1667.25mgofGcambogiaextract,containing1000mgofHCA.ProtocolThisstudywasperformedaccordingtoadouble-blind,placebo-controlled,parallel-groupdesign(Figure1).Randomizationwasperformedbyrandomnumbergeneration,andgroupassignmentwasplacedinasealedenvelope.Theprimaryendpointofthisstudywastheeffectsof12weeksofGcambogiaextractadministrationonvisceralfataccumulation.Thesecondaryendpointswerebodyindices(includingheight,bodyweight,BMI,waistandhipcircumfer-ence,andwaisthipratio[WHR])andlaboratoryvalues(includingtotalcholes-terol[TC],triacylglycerol,andfreefattyacid).Subjectsreceivednotreatmentduringa2-weekrun-inperiod.Afterrun-in,subjectsunderwentbodyweightmeasurement,computedtomography(CT),andlaboratoryanalysis.TheywerethenrandomlyassignedtoeithertheGcambogiagroup(containing1000mgofHCAperday)ortheplacebogroup.Thetreatmentperiodlasted12weeks.Attheendofthetreatmentperiod,bothgroupswereadministeredplacebofor4weekstoassessanyreboundeffect.Subjectswerestartedonadietaryinterventionbyanationallyregistereddietitianineachinstitute.Subjectsintakewaslimitedto2250kcal/dformen Figure1.ProtocoloftheefficacytestofGarciniacambogia.Subjectsreceivednotreatmentduringa2-weekrun-inperiod.CTcomputedtomography. K.Hayamizuetal.and1800kcal/dforwomen.Energyexpenditurewasdeterminedbyques-tionnairescompletedatweeks0,12,and16.Atthesametime,theaforemen-tioneddietitiansassesseddietaryintervention,usingaquestionnaire,ateachThesubjectsunderwentCTatweeks0,12,and16ateithertheMaebashiHirosegawaClinic,usingaToshibaMedicalTCT-300machine(ToshibaCorp.,Tokyo,Japan),ortheOnoClinic,usingaToshibaMedicalX-forcemachine(ToshibaCorp.).VFAandsubcutaneousfatarea(SFA)weredeterminedbytheFATScanProgram(N2SystemCorp.,Osaka,Japan)fromCTimagedataattheleveloftheumbilicus.AllCTscanswereperformedbyradiologistsblindedtoparticipantsgrouprandomization.Bodyindicesweremeasuredatweek2andevery4weeksduringthestudy.Theyincludedheight,bodyweight,BMI,waistandhipcircumference,andWHR.Bloodsampleswerecollectedfromthesubjectsbetween9:00and11:30afteranovernightfast,whichbeganat9:00onthepreviousnight.Laboratoryparameterswereredandwhitebloodcellcounts,hemoglobin,hematocrit,platelets,TC,high-densitylipoproteincholesterol,low-densitylipoproteincho-lesterol,triacylglycerol,freefattyacid,aspartateaminotransferase,alanine-glutamyltransferase,lactatedehydrogenase,bloodureanitrogen,creatinine,fastingplasmaglucose,insulin,acetoaceticacid,3-hydroxy-butyricacid,andtotalketonebodies.Clinicallaboratorydataweremeasuredat2,0,12,and16weeks.StatisticalAnalysisRatesofchangewerecalculatedfortheCTscansandbodyindices,andthedifferencesineffectsbetweentheGcambogiaandplacebogroupswerecalcu-latedaccordingtotheStudenttest.Theevaluationofreboundwascalculatedaccordingtothepairedtestatweeks12and16.TheanalysisoflaboratoryparameterstodetermineasafetyprolewasperformedusingthepairedandtheStudenttest.Forbaselinedata,weusedmeanvaluescalculatedfromthestartandendpointsoftherun-inperiod.Allanalyseswereconductedatthe2-tailedlevelof0.05.DatawereanalyzedusingthestatisticalprogramStatViewVersion5.0(SASInstituteInc.,Cary,NorthCarolina).RESULTSSubjectCharacteristicsForty-foursubjectswererandomizedatbaselinetoeithertheGcambogia21)ortheplacebogroup(n23)(Figure2).Themean(SEM)VFAwas145.5(6.0)cm,andtheirmean(SEM)BMIwas28.7(0.7)kg/m[BMI2530kg/m],30patients[68.2%];obesityclassI[BMI3035kg/m7patients[15.9%];obesityclassII[BMI3540kg/m],6patients[13.6%];obesityclassIII[BMI40kg/m],1patient[2.3%]).Eighteenofthe21subjects CURRENTTHERAPEUTICRESEARCH Figure2.Studyflowdiagram.intheGcambogiagroupand21ofthe23placebogroupsubjectscompletedthe16-weekprotocol.ReasonsforsubjectwithdrawalaresummarizedinFigure2.ThenumberofGcambogiaandplacebosubjects,respectively,assessedateachperiodwereasfollows:week0,21and23;week4,19and23;week8,19and22;andweeks12and16,18and21.Thestudysubjectsrangedinagefrom20to65years(mean[SEM]age,age,years).Inananalysisincludingthesubjectswhowithdrew,nosignicantdifferenceswerefoundininitialage,bodyweight,BMI,waistandhipcircum-ference,WHR,VFA,SFA,ortotalfatarea(TFA)betweentheplacebogroupandtheGcambogiagroup(TableIINutrientIntakeTableIIIcomparesthenutrientintakebysubjectsinthe2groups.Inthemalesubjectsinbothgroups,energyexpenditurewasslightlylowerthanthe2250kcal/destablishedbytheirdietaryintervention.Inthefemalesubjectsinbothgroups,energyexpenditurewasapproximatelyequaltothe1800kcal/destab-lishedbytheirdietaryintervention.Duringthe16-weekexperimentperiod,therewerenosignicantbetween-groupdifferencesinnutrientintakeorenergyexpenditure.AbdominalFatDistributionandBodyIndicesAbdominalfatdistributionandbodyindicesareshowninTablesIVandVrespectively.Regardlessofsex,theVFA,SFA,andTFAofsubjectsintheGcambogiagroupweresignicantlylowerat12weeks(0.009,0.003,and K.Hayamizuetal. TableII.Baselinecharacteristicsofstudysubjects(N44).(Valuesaregivenasmean[SEM]unlessotherwisenoted.) GarciniacambogiaPlaceboGroupCharacteristicGroup(n21)(n Age,yMean(SEM)43.7(2.6)45.2(2.7)Range23642365Sex,no.(%)Men11(52.4)13(56.5)Women10(47.6)10(43.5)Bodyweight,kgMen83.9(4.7)78.7(3.2)Women72.8(3.8)74.5(4.2)Height,cmMen170.8(1.8)171.2(1.9)Women154.2(1.4)156.1(1.5)BMI,kg/mMen28.8(1.7)26.8(0.8)Women30.6(1.5)30.6(1.7)Waistcircumference,cmMen94.6(2.9)91.3(1.9)Women97.9(3.0)98.2(2.4)Hipcircumference,cmMen99.8(1.9)100.2(1.9)Women103.5(2.5)104.7(2.4)Men0.94(0.01)0.92(0.01)Women0.95(0.01)0.94(0.01)Visceralfatarea,cmMen156.6(10.5)137.0(7.8)Women138.2(14.4)147.9(13.6)Subcutaneousfatarea,cmMen203.9(30.3)176.1(17.9)Women279.6(21.9)280.4(28.2)Totalfatarea,cmMen363.9(34.6)312.7(16.3)Women414.9(25.1)427.9(34.4) bodymassindex;WHRwaisthipratio.0.001,respectively)and16weeks(0.001,and0.001,respectively)thanintheplacebogroup(TableIV).WithintheGcambogiagroup,eachofthesefatareasdecreasedby10%to15%frombaselinetoweek16.Whencomparingthendingsatweek12versusweek16intheGcambogiagroup,nosignicantchangeswereobservedinVFA,SFA,orTFA.Therefore, CURRENTTHERAPEUTICRESEARCH TableIII.ComparisonofnutrientintakeandenergyexpenditurebetweentheGarciniaandplacebogroupsover16weeks(N44).(Valuesaregivenasmean[SEM].) GarciniacambogiaPlaceboGroupNutrientGroup(n21)(n Protein,g/dMen77.7(3.4)71.8(3.1)Women68.3(2.9)69.1(2.2)Fat,g/dMen59.5(4.0)57.4(3.9)Women56.4(3.8)55.6(4.2)Carbohydrate,g/dMen273.5(17.6)285.7(9.1)Women260.0(12.7)264.5(11.2)Energyexpenditure,kcal/dMen2015.5(105.5)2018.3(76.2)Women1869.3(60.1)1862.1(81.3) therewerenosignsofareboundeffectfromweek12toweek16intheGcambogiaAt12weeks,bothbodyweightandBMIwerenumericallybutnotsignicantlylowerintheGcambogiagroupthanintheplacebogroup,andweresigni-cantlylowerintheGcambogiagroupthanintheplacebogroupat16weeks0.04and0.02,respectively,vsplacebo).However,thesendingswereobservedonlyinmen,amongwhomtheWHRintheGcambogiagrouptendedtobelowerthanintheplacebogroup,althoughthedifferencewasnotsignicantTableV).Nosignicantdifferencesinotherindicesweredetectedineithersexbetweenthe2treatmentgroups.ClinicalLaboratoryTestsTheresultsofclinicallaboratorytestsareshowninTableVI.Serumtriacylglyc-erolvaluestendedtodecreaseovertimeintheGcambogiagroupbutnotsignicantly.Themeanvaluesofthehematologic,hemobiochemical,andendo-crinologicdatadidnotchangeintheGcambogiaAdverseEffectsNosubjectwasremovedfromthestudyprotocolfortreatment-relatedadverseeffects.ThefollowingadverseeffectsoccurredintheGcambogiaandplacebogroup,respectively:commoncold,1(4.8%)and10(43.5%);toothache,3(14.3%)and3(13.0%);diarrhea,2(9.5%)and4(17.4%);andheadache,0(0.0%)and4(17.4%). K.Hayamizuetal. TableIV.Mean(SEM)changesinabdominalfatdistributionversusbaselineinpatientswhocompletedthestudy(N39).(Valuesareexpressedas%unlessotherwisenoted.) AllSubjectsMenWomen GarciniaGarciniaGarciniacambogiaPlacebocambogiaPlacebocambogiaPlaceboFatDistribution/GroupGroupGroupGroupGroupGroupStudyWeek(n18)(n21)P*(n8)(n11)P*(n10)(n10)P* VisceralfatareaWeek0,mean(SEM),cm2146.2(9.9)144.9(7.5)156.2(13.5)142.2(8.1)138.2(14.4)147.9(13.6)Week1289.2(2.5)105.1(3.2)0.00987.8(4.6)105.5(5.5)0.03290.2(2.9)104.8(3.2)0.003Week1686.4(2.1)106.9(3.8)0.00182.3(3.5)107.2(5.9)0.00489.7(2.3)106.5(5.2)0.004SubcutaneousfatareaWeek0,mean(SEM),cm2231.3(20.2)223.4(20.2)170.9(22.7)171.5(18.6)279.6(21.9)280.4(28.2)Week1287.6(2.4)106.7(3.1)0.00390.1(2.7)107.0(5.0)0.01785.6(3.8)106.3(3.9)0.001Week1685.4(3.1)108.0(2.6)0.00188.9(3.9)110.5(3.3)0.00182.5(4.7)110.5(3.3)0.001TotalfatareaWeek0,mean(SEM),cm2379.2(21.9)367.9(22.4)334.6(32.9)313.3(17.8)414.9(25.1)427.9(34.4)Week1287.7(1.6)105.6(2.2)0.00187.8(2.6)105.6(3.4)0.00187.6(2.2)105.6(3.4)0.001Week1685.2(2.3)106.3(2.2)0.00184.8(2.9)107.7(3.4)0.00185.5(3.6)104.7(2.7)0.001 *Between-groupdifference.559 CURRENTTHERAPEUTICRESEARCH TableV.Mean(SEM)changesinanthropometricvalues,bysex,inpatientswhocompletedthestudy(N39).(Valuesareexpressedas%unlessotherwisenoted.) AllSubjectsMenWomen GarciniaGarciniaGarciniacambogiaPlacebocambogiaPlacebocambogiaPlaceboGroupGroupGroupGroupGroupGroupParameter/StudyWeek(n18)(n21)(n8)(n11)(n10)(n10) BodyweightWeek0,mean(SEM),kg75.1(2.9)75.9(2.5)78.2(4.5)77.5(3.0)72.8(3.8)74.3(4.2)Week499.4(0.3)99.8(0.3)99.2(0.5)100.1(0.5)99.4(0.4)99.4(0.4)Week898.8(0.4)99.0(0.4)98.8(0.7)99.7(0.6)98.8(0.5)98.3(0.5)Week1298.2(0.5)99.4(0.5)98.1(0.8)100.3(0.7)98.3(0.6)98.5(0.5)Week1698.0(0.6)*99.9(0.5)98.3(0.8)100.7(0.7)97.8(0.9)98.9(0.7)BMIWeek0,mean(SEM),kg/m228.9(1.1)28.5(1.0)26.8(1.3)26.7(0.8)30.6(1.5)30.5(1.7)Week499.4(0.3)99.8(0.3)99.3(0.5)99.4(0.4)99.4(0.4)99.4(0.4)Week898.8(0.4)99.0(0.4)98.8(0.7)99.7(0.6)98.8(0.5)98.3(0.5)Week1298.2(0.5)99.4(0.5)98.2(0.8)100.3(0.7)98.3(0.6)98.5(0.5)Week1698.0(0.6)99.9(0.5)98.3(0.8)*100.7(0.7)97.8(0.9)98.9(0.7)WaistcircumferenceWeek0,mean(SEM),cm95.4(2.2)94.5(1.7)92.2(3.1)91.0(2.0)97.9(3.0)98.5(2.3)Week499.6(0.4)100.3(0.4)99.8(0.6)100.6(0.6)99.4(0.6)100.0(0.5)Week899.2(0.5)100.1(0.4)99.7(0.8)100.8(0.5)98.9(0.7)99.4(0.5)Week1298.8(0.6)99.3(0.3)99.1(0.9)99.6(0.3)98.5(0.9)98.9(0.4)Week1698.0(0.7)99.0(0.4)98.3(1.2)99.8(0.4)97.8(0.9)98.3(0.7) (continued)560 K.Hayamizuetal. TableV. AllSubjectsMenWomen GarciniaGarciniaGarciniaGroupGroupGroupGroupGroupGroupParameter/StudyWeek(n18)(n21)(n8)(n11)(n10)(n HipcircumferenceWeek0,mean(SEM),cm100.8(1.7)100.9(1.4)98.4(1.8)98.5(1.4)103.1(2.6)104.6(2.3)Week499.9(0.2)100.1(0.3)99.5(0.4)100.0(0.5)100.1(0.3)100.1(0.3)Week899.4(0.4)99.5(0.3)99.1(0.8)99.3(0.5)99.7(0.2)99.7(0.3)Week1299.0(0.3)99.0(0.3)99.1(0.8)99.0(0.5)98.8(0.2)99.0(0.4)Week1698.6(0.4)98.9(0.3)99.0(0.7)99.0(0.5)98.2(0.3)98.8(0.5)Week0,mean(SEM)0.94(0.01)0.94(0.01)0.94(0.02)0.92(0.01)0.95(0.01)0.94(0.01)Week499.7(0.4)100.2(0.3)100.3(0.4)100.6(0.5)99.3(0.7)99.9(0.4)Week899.8(0.5)100.6(0.4)100.6(0.6)101.4(0.5)99.2(0.8)99.7(0.4)Week1299.8(0.6)100.2(0.3)100.0(0.4)100.5(0.4)99.7(1.0)99.9(0.5)Week1699.4(0.6)100.1(0.4)99.2(0.6)100.8(0.5)99.6(1.1)99.4(0.7) bodymassindex;WHRwaist–hipratio.0.02versusplacebogroup.0.04versusplacebogroup. CURRENTTHERAPEUTICRESEARCH TableVI.EffectsofGarciniacambogiaonhematologic,hemobiochemical,andendocrinologicparametersinallpatients(N43).(Valuesareexpressedasmean[SEM].) GarciniacambogiaGroupPlaceboGroup NormalWeek0Week12Week16Week0Week12Week16ParameterValue(n21)(n18)(n18)(n23)(n21)(n21) HematologyWBCcount,cells/µL350097006695(394)6573(456)7011(494)6533(309)6983(324)*6867(417)*RBCcount,Men,4.384.83(0.01)4.79(0.07)4.85(0.09)4.81(0.10)4.85(0.11)*4.88(0.10)cellsĂ—106/µL5.77;women,3.765.16Hb,g/dLMen,13.614.4(0.4)14.4(0.4)14.5(0.4)14.6(0.3)14.7(0.3)*14.8(0.3)*18.3;women,11.215.2Hematocrit,%Men,40.445.0(1.1)45.0(1.1)45.0(1.0)45.1(0.5)45.9(0.7)45.9(0.6)51.9;women,34.345.2Plateletcount,cellsĂ—103/µL140379270(12)265(17)268(18)255(13)235(15)253(15)HemobiochemistryAST,U/L10.040.032.0(3.0)31.2(3.3)34.1(4.4)28.8(1.9)30.4(2.5)30.1(2.4)ALT,U/L5.045.051.9(8.4)43.2(5.9)48.6(7.8)40.9(4.7)42.5(5.2)43.0(5.4)GGTP,U/L16.073.057.9(7.6)62.6(10.0)63.9(9.4)54.7(7.9)55.0(8.8)54.0(8.8)LDH,U/L220.0430.0344.3(11.8)334.2(14.8)335.7(11.8)354.2(10.9)358.8(19.5)347.9(10.2)BUN,mg/dL8.020.013.0(0.7)12.9(0.9)12.9(0.8)12.8(0.5)12.6(0.6)13.3(0.5)Creatinine,mg/dL0.61.30.97(0.03)0.94(0.03)0.94(0.03)0.99(0.03)0.94(0.03)0.92(0.04)Triacylglycerol,mg/dL50.0149.0169.1(11.7)154.4(14.1)146.2(15.2)177.4(20.7)183.7(19.0)173.7(19.7)FFA,mEq/L0.100.810.73(0.05)0.72(0.05)0.71(0.07)0.73(0.05)0.71(0.07)0.68(0.06)TC,mg/dL150.0219.0213.4(5.7)208.8(7.7)210.8(6.7)211.8(8.1)213.7(9.0)217.7(9.1) (continued)562 K.Hayamizuetal. TableVI. GarciniacambogiaGroupPlaceboGroup NormalWeek0Week12Week16Week0Week12Week16ParameterValue(n21)(n18)(n18)(n23)(n21)(n HDL-C,mg/dLMen,41.0–48.9(2.4)48.7(2.4)50.7(1.8)47.8(2.2)46.6(2.1)47.9(2.1)80.0;women,LDL-C,mg/dL60–130140.1(4.9)137.3(6.1)139.1(6.4)139.2(6.6)140.2(7.9)143.0(7.4)FPG,mg/dL70–13994.0(2.2)92.1(1.7)94.3(2.8)90.8(1.7)91.3(1.9)90.0(1.6)Acetoaceticacid,55.017.2(2.7)20.6(1.6)21.6(4.3)16.8(1.4)17.8(2.5)16.2(1.6)3-Hydroxybutyricacid,8538.6(6.1)37.8(3.2)45.1(9.7)33.0(3.6)33.2(5.5)30.0(3.5)Totalketonebodies,131.055.8(8.5)58.4(4.3)66.7(13.9)49.8(4.3)51.0(7.6)46.2(4.4)U/mL3.0–18.013.3(2.0)9.9(1.1)11.8(1.6)9.8(1.1)11.9(1.5)11.6(1.5) whitebloodcell;RBCredbloodcell;Hbhemoglobin;ASTaspartateaminotransferase;ALTalanineaminotransferase;GGTP-glutamyltransferase;LDHlactatedehydrogenase;BUNbloodureanitrogen;FFAfreefattyacid;TCtotalcholesterol;HDL-Clipoproteincholesterol;LDL-Clow-densitylipoproteincholesterol;FPGfastingplasmaglucose.0.05versusweek0(paired0.01versusweek0(paired ThedietaryhabitsoftheJapanesehavebeenWesternizedrapidlysincetheendofWorldWarII.Withpoorernutrition(ie,higherfatintake),thecausesofdeathinJapanhavechangedconsiderably.IntheearlyresearchintoobesityinJapanandinWesterncountries,manystudiesinvestigatedtherelationshipbetweenbodyweightorBMIandlifestylediseasessuchastype2diabetes,coronaryheartdisease,andhypertension.Recently,attentionhasfocusedontherelationshipbetweenabdominalfatdistributionandlifestylediseasesbyCTanalysis;inparticular,therelationshipbetweenVFAandmultipleriskfactors(type2diabetesmellitus,dysglycemia,hypertension,coronaryheartdisease,hyperuricemia)hasbeenreported.AccordingtotheJapanSocietyfortheStudyofObesity,visceralfatobesityisdiagnosedwhenVFAis100cm.Theconceptofavisceralfataccumulationtypeofobesityisnewandveryim-portantforthestudyofobesityasadisease,anditisexpectedtobeusefulinstudiesofthepreventionoftheaforementionedriskfactors.ThepresentstudywasdesignedtoassesstheefcacyofGcambogiainantivisceralfataccumulationinobesesubjects.Toaccountforprevisceralfatobesity,inclusioncriteriaincludedVFA90cm.TheVFAinclusioncriterionwassetat90cmbecausethatamountaccountedforprevisceralfatobesity.Comparedwiththeplacebogroup,theGcambogiagrouphadsignicantde-creasesinVFA,SFA,andTFA;nosignicantdifferenceswereobservedbetweenmaleandfemalesubjects.Furthermore,thetestresultsforabdominalfatareahadsufcientpower(1Ăź0.8),sothesamplesizewasappropriate.Inapreviousstudy,wereportedontheefcacyofHCA,butthesubjectswereclassiedasoverweightorobeseusingBMI,whereasinourstudy,bothBMIandVFAwereusedtodeneobesity,andallsubjectswereclassiedasobese.Otherdifferencesbetweenthatstudyandthepresentonearethatthetreatmentperiodwas8weeks,andtherewasnodetaileddietaryintervention.Inthatprevi-ousreport,unlikethepresentone,therewasnoobservedeffectofGcambogiaSFAorTFA.However,thesedifferencesinoutcomeswereexpectedbecauseofthedifferencesinthetreatmentperiods,theVFAlevelsofthesubjects,andtheuseofdietaryintervention.Inthepresentstudy,subjectsintheGcambogiagroupunderwenta4-weekplacebotreatmentaftertheir12-weektreatmenttodetectanyreboundeffect.Nosucheffectwasfound.Thisresultwasexpectedbecausethedecreaseinabdominalfatfromweeks0to12wasmild.ACTscanwasperformedat0,12,and16weeks.Ifthesemeasurementshadbeenconductedevery4weeks,theeffectofGcambogiamayhavebeendetectedatanearlierperiod.Anthropometricindicesincludedbodyweight,BMI,andWHR.BodyweightandBMItendedtobelowerintheGcambogiagroupthanintheplacebogroupatboth12and16weeksbutonlyinmen.IntheirinvestigationofanantiobesityeffectofGcambogia,Heymseldetalreportedthatbodyweightchangeduringtheir12-weekstudyperioddidnotdiffersignicantlybetweenGcambogiaandplacebogroups.Inthatreport,mostofthesubjectswere K.Hayamizuetal.women.Amongthefemalesubjectsinourstudy,bodyweightandBMIdidnotdifferbetweenthe2groups,andtothatextentourresultsandthoseofHeyms-eldetalaresimilar.Theresultsofclinicallaboratorytestsdidnotchangesignicantly,andnoadverseeffectswereobservedatanytimeinthetestperiod.TheGcambogiatabletusedinthisstudywaswelltoleratedthroughoutthe12-weektreat-mentperiod.Gcambogiareducedabdominalfataccumulationinsubjects,regardlessofsex,whohadthevisceralfataccumulationtypeofobesity,andnoreboundeffectwasobserved.ItisthereforehypothesizedthatGcambogiamaybeusefulforthepreventionandreductionofaccumulationofvisceralfat.WethankShintaroYano,MD(MaebashiHirosegawaClinic,Gunma,Japan)andNobuhikoHosokawa,MD(OnoClinic,Osaka,Japan)fortheirhelpfuladviceandencouragementinthisstudy.1.MinistryofHealth,LabourandWelfareJapan.TheNationalNutritionSurveyinJapanTokyo,Japan:Dai-ichiShuppanPublishing;2002:59–60.2.DespresJP,LamarcheB.Effectsofdietandphysicalactivityonadiposityandbodyfatdistribution:Implicationsforthepreventionofcardiovasculardisease.NutrRes.1993;6:137–159.3.BrayGA.Complicationsofobesity.AnnInternMed.1985;103:1052–1062.4.Healthimplicationsofobesity.NationalInstitutesofHealthConsensusDevelopmentConferenceStatement.AnnInternMed.1985;103:1073–1077.5.KissebahAH,FreedmanDS,PeirisAN.Healthrisksofobesity.MedClinNorthAm6.VanItallieTB.Obesity:Adverseeffectsonhealthandlongevity.AmJClinNutr1979;32(Suppl12):2723–2733.7.LarssonB,BjorntorpP,TibblinG.Thehealthconsequencesofmoderateobesity.IntJObes.1981;5:97–116.8.MansonJE,StampferMJ,HennekensCH,WillettWC.Bodyweightandlongevity.A.1987;257:353–358.9.SeidellJC,VerschurenWM,vanLeerEM,KromhoutD.Overweight,underweight,andmortality.Aprospectivestudyof48,287menandwomen.ArchInternMed10.HubertHB,FeinleibM,McNamaraPM,CastelliWP.Obesityasanindependentriskfactorforcardiovasculardisease:A26-yearfollow-upofparticipantsintheFraming-hamHeartStudy..1983;67:968–977. 11.JousilahtiP,TuomilehtoJ,VartiainenE,etal.Bodyweight,cardiovascularriskfactors,andcoronarymortality.15-Yearfollow-upofmiddle-agedmenandwomenineasternFinland..1996;93:1372–1379.12.StamlerR,StamlerJ,RiedlingerWF,etal.Weightandbloodpressure.Findingsinhypertensionscreeningof1millionAmericans..1978;240:1607–1610.13.VanItallieTB.HealthimplicationsofoverweightandobesityintheUnitedStates.AnnInternMed.1985;103:983–988.14.SaitoY,ed.ManualfortheTreatmentofObesity.Tokyo,Japan:IshiyakuPublishers;15.NakamuraT,TokunagaK,ShimomuraI,etal.Contributionofvisceralfataccumula-tiontothedevelopmentofcoronaryarterydiseaseinnon-obesemen.16.MatsuzawaY,ShimomuraI,NakamuraT,etal.Pathophysiologyandpathogenesisofvisceralfatobesity.ObesRes.1995;3(Suppl2):187S–194S.17.ReavenGM.Bantinglecture1988.Roleofinsulinresistanceinhumandisease..1988;37:1595–1607.18.KenoY,MatsuzawaY,TokunagaK,etal.HighsucrosedietincreasesvisceralfataccumulationinVMH-lesionedobeserats.IntJObes.1991;15:205–211.19.LewisYS,NeelakantanS.(-)-Hydroxycitricacid—theprincipalacidinthefruitsofGarciniacambogia.1965;4:619–625.20.WatsonJA,LowensteinJM.Citrateandtheconversionofcarbohydrateintofat.Fattyacidsynthesisbyacombinationofcytoplasmandmitochondria.JBiolChem21.WatsonJA,FangM,LowensteinJM.Tricarballylateandhydroxycitrate:SubstrateandinhibitorofATP:Citrateoxaloacetatelyase.ArchBiochemBiophys.1969;135:209–217.22.SullivanAC,SinghM,SrerePA,GluskerJP.Reactivityandinhibitorpotentialofhydroxycitrateisomerswithcitratesynthase,citratelyase,andATPcitratelyase.JBiolChem.1977;252:7583–7590.23.LowensteinJM.Effectof(-)-hydroxycitrateonfattyacidsynthesisbyratliverinJBiolChem.1971;246:629–632.24.SullivanAC,TriscariJ,HamiltonJG,etal.Effectof(-)-hydroxycitrateupontheaccumulationoflipidintherat.I.Lipogenesis..1974;9:121–128.25.SullivanAC,TriscariJ,HamiltonJG,MillerON.Effectof(-)-hydroxycitrateupontheaccumulationoflipidintherat.II.Appetite..1974;9:129–134.26.SullivanC,TriscariJ.Metabolicregulationasacontrolforlipiddisorders.I.Inuenceof(-)-hydroxycitrateonexperimentallyinducedobesityintherodent.AmJClinNutr27.BerkhoutTA,HavekesLM,PearceNJ,GrootPH.Theeffectof(-)-hydroxycitrateontheactivityofthelow-density-lipoproteinreceptorand3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoAreductaselevelsinthehumanhepatomacelllineHepG2.BiochemJ.1990;28.ConteAA.Anon-prescriptionalternativeinweightreductiontherapy.AmJBariatrMedSummer.1993;17–19.29.ThomE.Hydroxycitrate(HCA)inthetreatmentofobesity.IntJObes.1996;20(Suppl4):48.30.RothackerDQ,WaitmanBE.EffectivenessofaGarciniacambogiaandnaturalcaffeinecombinationinweightloss:Adouble-blind,placebo-controlledpilotstudy.IntJObes1997;21(Suppl2):53. K.Hayamizuetal.31.SawadaH,TomiH,TamuraK,etal.EffectofliquidGarciniaextractandsolubleGarciniapowderonbodyweightchange:ApossiblematerialforsuppressingfatJpnOilChemSoc.1997;46:14671474.32.HayamizuK,IshiiY,KanekoI,etal.Effectsoflong-termadministrationofextractonvisceralfataccumulationinhumans:Aplacebo-controlleddoubleblindtrial.JOleoSci.2001;50:805812.33.TheMinistryofHealthandWelfare.6thRecommendedDietaryAllowancesfortheTokyo,Japan:Dai-ichiShuppanPublishing;1999:3641.34.HeymseldSB,AllisonDB,VasselliJR,etal.Garciniacambogia(hydroxycitricacid)asapotentialantiobesityagent:Arandomizedcontrolledtrial..1998;280:Addresscorrespondenceto:KohsukeHayamizu,MSCentralResearchLaboratoryFANCLCorp.12-13Kamishinano,Totsuka-kuYokohama,Kanagawa244-0806
© 2021 docslides.com Inc.
All rights reserved.