CAPITAL IMPLODES AND WORKERS EXPLODE IN FLANDERS, 1789-1914 Charles . - PDF document

CAPITAL IMPLODES AND WORKERS EXPLODE IN FLANDERS, 1789-1914 Charles Tilly July 1983 Magistracy. The third was Lagache, the intendant's the old brrowed locksmith. People the arsenal straw!" (Martinage & Lorgnier n.d. : 9) The words had ominous overtones; that same day, a Parisian crowd displayed the severed head of King's Councilor Foulon, mouth stuffed with straw. For Lille's They had bourgeois of Lille formed a provisional committee civic militia. Monique, who hanged, and another accused thief, who went to the galleys. A notary was amazed national cockade," he reported. "Wen are totally avoid being popular sovereignty. 2 resistance constituted of ill-meaning other outsiders . . . " (A.M. Lille 412). WL Parlement of Flanders issued into private frightened municipalities Around Lille, the annual leasing of the ecclesiastical tithe on field crops began early in July 1789; local groups demanded tithe to w~precedented the leasing chapter. Their On the morning in the Lille's well-fed elite for which Charles Louis Monique died. OR canons gave a share [1924]: 378-379). The rural and urban revolutions intertwined. FLANDERS 1789-1914: 4 fragmented" (Young I1 I, 1220) . Flanders ' proletarians, heavily the purchase food for Dunkirk, Bergues, Hondschoote, ~ailleul, Hazebrouck, Armentieres, Lille, and price-fixing, and Frelinghien, a village about 10 the visitor to Lille obliged to wear the reported that 4:30 the morning: for the I went Dupire fairly close, I asked to speak to the officer commanding that the physically impossible live without eating, has no their misery, join with them to unload I'll a reasonable resisted, saying unload nothing. a result, I pointing toward the people, of whom at least 800 had gathered, "Well, sir, if that's this multitude of any bloodshed that probably twice many more that they themselves unable such massive of feudalism August 1789. the later French conquests in the bw other respects, the national years: Peasants kept resisting collection poor hired gleaners, went on OR 3 pluviose, Year IV (23 January 1796), the municipal officers of Lille Minister of Interior that: yesterday afternoon raised the price [Maison rescind within of bread, massacred and see the city sacked. We did everything we could, short of force, to order. We have only a hundred infantryman, who behaved well. But what could they do FLANDERS 1789-1914: 8 drove the largest wedges into local communities. In Flines, near Douai, the "constitutional" priest who replaced the old cure faced a hostile community. 5 October 1791 of peasants across the group of with white village in way,.shouting counter-revolutionary doings in the February. Elsewhere, ministratioris interrupting funerals Lille and Carnbrai did the forms of revolutionary enthusiasm - oath-taking, meetings of revolutionary - In the Wwolutionary Revolution wrought a a single hierarchy arrondissement, department, - introduced the most spectacular reorganization, not the TWO other changes even farther the structure the national the old regime, despite people holding had ruled local communities notables who strong ties crown. a result, bargain incessantly with powerholders who rested revolutionary regimes first nation's executive tightly higher level moved toward French people large state world history ever down to the Revolutionary authorities reinforced their incorporation the national a move continued the into the second followed from gained something their landlords, tithers, merchants, city the countryside holding chartered ambitions of urban officials, force outsiders a result, they encouraged wealthy households tithes, rents, direct production of both the city early Revolution, however, committees, assemblies, administrations, marketing throughout people resisted and evaded best they the cities' authorized armed force, backing from tipped the administrations lost they gained Mers Faces the Nineteenth Century At the nineteenth century's very outset, the Nord's signed a famous prepared mainly Sebastian Bottin. dozen years war and Dieudonne/Bottin saw a department that had lost about 13,000 people FLANDERS 1789-1914: 14 DISTRIBUTION OF Haze- Bergues brouck Lille Cambra i Avesnes Doua i 8.6 4.0 Dept . Total 10.7 0.7 1.0 23.9 56.3 1.6 3.1 waste 4 .6 - 0.4 - 0.0 - 0.0 - 2.5 - 1.5 - 1.6 - 99.9 100.0 70818 90410 149510 107884 pspula- t ion 83685 101970 226519 112944 98288 171466 794872 per sons/ km2 144.0 250.5 1. "houses, mills, and factories" FLANDERS 1789-1914: 16 - - -- - - - - -- - - -A- - - - - - - - the very and burning department's northern standard organization of the coastal regions the iron drawn from the heavily-wooded region around northern sections department's manufacturing. Dieudonne/Bottin a matter and wove Lille, Cambrai, textiles, but also housed own large manufacturing became toward the regions of Lille linen flourished through the department. that textile made the With textiles, oil-pressing, ___.--__-_-_-I__ ---- _--- ---- lineaments of urban, industrial capitalism. The Nord's increase the scale of production, expand horsepower, multiply machines, and introduce full-fledged a century-long labor markets away from where and century capitalists, usually national authorities and "freedom the mines, metalworking and from national international made the produce, how labor; only actually supply region's industry. displacing wool and linen. formerly hosted industrializing region of food sphere of marked the sphere of royalty, clung built during the Revolution fortified during but trimmed-down governments. Before the government's power, bargaining with intervening affairs with and their acquire advance powerholders; indeed, most networks of the general result, little likely actions and regional powerholders flowed from Lille with the post-revolutionary representatives of the trade, actual they deployed a sanctions: sharing support from ritual mockery direct coercion of means for putting pressure British word "t.urnoutl' group of a trade assembled the community, inside to join them, their march through the until they relatively secure public place a field the edge the employers. employing many workers different trades, the old longer served small numbers members control crucial skills, with strikes unions illegal, 1819, one declining cottage -- and, to some small extent, of wages -- (despite protective English competition aim of BB~~ 993). On the 15th, three gendarmes on horseback frightened off another FLANDERS 1789-1914 : 26 wrote the written agreement blamed the workers", the chief Nord's their trades, little effort generally, associations well after of 1834, arrondissement of Lille workers' mutual providing sick benefits and named rich bourgeois, ~uards" associations whose to drink and play negociants, which consisted conf.irmed The one drinking club, "does not involve politics" BB3 organized republican opposition start Lille's the thinness a near-absence company was considering another job elsewhere. 17th, two or three hundred people -- men, women, and children -- gathered before the company offices in Saint-Vaast. They demanded their four sous, one of the three clothing. After the general agent, In the meantime, however, 17th, Guards, converged following days, con£ the lead; typically called Vieux-Conde, and of major their strikes, a walkout 1830s, textile workers of Lille's In the Lille, employers cut the piece rate in 1839. The senior workers of dozens of plants started meeting to plan their defense, first a pool which ended cancel the threatened places. prosecutor at began to the semi-seditious republicans of national census, seen its control when workers Roubaix gathered young men "sons of manufacturers", "Down with manufacturers!", and breaking the homes of through the their part for political reform the February Revolution Lille's song of provisional republic took power Paris, workers Nord underwent mobilization. In especially, Lille, marches through immediately after Revolution, furthermore, began a During 1848, Anzin, Lille, all significant strike right, and began evening of 14 March, for example,about 400 men, women, and children had assembled in Lille's Grand 'Place, the Marseillaise. headed toward Courtin, house of shouting, they frames, have been likely that terrible BB~~ attending the the Societe Amis du Peuple in the first phases of the revolution at Lille. Although employment, salaries, and working conditions remained the centers of workers' politics, they had once again connected directly with national politics. Lille's conflicts continued through 1848, with workers FLANDERS 1789-1914: 36 for a again made the Marseillaise a crime. Neither workers bourgeois republicans managed very Napoleon's final Lille became articulate republicanism, retrospective report to the Minister Nord put the head active oral the surrounding area even 4 vigilance could not prevent formation of dangerous secret anonymous note saying "Citizen subprefect, In 1852, your headquarters, know how of you" BBI~ bring the apparently not But the When Louis Napoleon such insurrection December, however, Lille, Douai, Anzin gave Nord's In Lille, on the evening "deplorable collision" set the police who shouted sang the "outsiders", even those who a long workers continued via the the entire marching from and by blocking the combination of word "food specious sense shipment of seizing stored sale of grain or price, direct attacks punish profiteers. All these except April 1848, shipload from the port Anor, Baives, on Belgian border, Anor, of flour the town asking that the municipality the flour nationwide demonstrations nevertheless, the hayrick, leaving SOUS OR EVERY FARM WILL BE BURNED! (AN BB~~ Nord came J forms of &- especially workers -- 1849 and the Second the Nord were engaged demonstrations, electoral campaigns, associations, that look to come: between secularizing defenders of the Catholic disestablishment; strikes not previously including the conflict of 1884 Zola's strong Marxist that made Marx's deputy of Lille; parties; the 1911 protests over complaint, Robert Pierreuse workers' politics Roubaix at [the worker] the extent and men that sought help solve problem caused bourgeoisie owning proletariat which considered oppressed, whose existence bosses who and paid SOURCES 1. MANUSCRIPTS (MOST IMPORTANT IN BOLD FACE) Archives Departementales llArmee (Vincennes): MR 1166-1169, reconnaissances militaires, 1824-1847. Archives Municipales, Lille: 412-18098 ssim (especially 412, 413, 14336, 14337, 0, 17%377&33, lm, 17888, lk17973, 17982, 18008, 18023, 18040, 18098), general administration, Archives Nationales BB~~ 167, surveilwe, 1834-1835; 993-1816 passim, repression & surveillance, 181!+1890; BE3 36+460 passim, surveillance 18474868; C 936B, surveillance , industrial survey, 1872-1875; F 'i 6778, repression & surveillance, 1830; 679-4661 passim, armnerce & industry, 178&1899; HI CONTEMPORARY PERIODICALS LIAnnee Politique, all issues, 1874-1909 Annuaire des Deux Mondes, all issues, 1850-1867 Annuaire historique, all issues, Annuaire Statistique la France, Constitutiomel, 1830-1835, 1848-1860; issues, 1836-1841 Le Figaro, all issues, 1830; selected Moniteur Universel, all issues, all issues, 1848 Annuelle, recours a conciliation, all three randomly-selected months per year, 1861-1914. Richard Cobb 1965 Terreur et subsistances, 1793-1795. Paris: Clavreuil. Felix-Paul Codaccioni 1976 De l'inegalite sociale dans une grande ville industrielle. Le Universite de 111. ' Jean-Paul Courtheoux 1957 "Naissance d'me classe dans le proletariat textile du Nord, 1830-1870," Revue economique 8: 114-139. A. Crapet 1920 "La vie a Lille, de 1667 a 1789, d'apres le cours de M. de Saint-Leger," Revue du Nord 6:126-154, 198-231, 304-322. J.L. Dansette & J.A. Roy 1955- "Origines et evolution d'une bourgeoisie. Le patronat textile du bassin lillois (1789-1914)," Revue du Nord 37: 199-216; 39:21-42; 40 : 49-69; ;41: 23-38. Paul Delsalle 1982 "Les tisserands a domicile de la region de Roubaix Relations professionnelles et con£ li XIXeme siecle ,I' in Pierre Deyon & Franklin Mendels, eds., Realite. Rapports. Lille: des Arts, Humaines. Victor Derode 1848- Histoire Lille et de wallonne. Lille: Librairie 1877 de vols. Joseph Deschuytter 1959, LIEsprit et son evolution le 1791 au 1961 lendemain Themidor an 11. Gap:Imprimerie Louis-Jean. 2 vols. 1964 "Cambrai sous la Revolution," Revue du Nord 46: 524543. Pierre Deyon industries textiles en Flandre francaise a la fin de 1'Ancien Regime et au debut du XIXeme siecle," Revue du Nord 61 : 83-96. 1981 "Un modele a l'epreuve, le developpement industriel de Roubaix de 1762 a la fin du XIXeme siecle," Revue du Nord 63: 59-66. Pierre Deyon & "Entreprise et association Historiques de la Revolution Francaise 51: 280-306. Yves-Marie Hilaire "Les ouvriers de 1'Eglise catholique (XIXe et XXe siecle) , " ouvriers de l'industrie textile dans la region lilloise sous la Monarchie de Juillet. Lausanne: Nouvelle Bibliotheque de Droit et Jurisprudence. Bernard Lef ebvre 1979 "Argent et revolution: esquisse d'une fortune a Douai (1748-1820)," Revue du Nord 61: 403-416. Bernard Lefebvre & Louis Thbaut 1979 "Evolution demographique le douaisis de 1750 a 1870," Revue du Nord 61: 165-180. Georges Lefebvre 1914- Documents relatifs a l'histoire des subsistances dans le district 1921 de Bergues pendant la Revolution (1788-an V). Lille: Robbe. 1959 Les paysans pendant la Revolution Bari: [I9241 Laterza. First published in 1924. Pierre Lefevre 1925 Le commerce des grains et pain a Lille de Robbe, Andre Lequeux 1933 "L'industrie du fer dans le Hainaut au XVIIIe siecle," Revue du Nord 19: 428. Leon Machu "LVImportance du banquet de Lille dans la campagne de reforme (7 novernbre 1847) ," Revue du Nord 31: 5-12. crise de textile a Roubaix au milieu du XIXe siecle," Revue du Nord 38: 65-75. 1964 "Deux aspects de policiere dans le Nord a l'epoque du Second Empire," Revue du Nord 46: 385-392. A. Malotet 1910, "L'Industrie et le commerce des toiles fines a Valenciennes dans 1912 les temps modernes," Revue du Nord 1: 281-320; 3: 329-394. Alexandre de Saint-Leger 1900 La Flandre maritime et Dunkerque sous la domination francaise (1659-1789). Paris & Lille: Cassette. 1942 ,Histoire de Lille des origines a 1789. Lille: Raoust. Patrick Schultz decentralisation administrative le Presses Universitaires Gustave Siauve socialiste, ou quatre ans de gestion municipale ouvriere (1892-1896) . Lille : Delory. Louis Thbaut 1979 "Les voies navigables et 1' industrialisation du Nord de la France," Revue du Nord 61: 149-164. Louis Thery Flandre francaise debut de Frelinghien," Revue du Nord 9: 193-205. Jacques Toulemonde 1966a "Notes sur l'industrie roubaisienne et tourquennoise dans la premiere mitie du XIXe siecle," Revue 321-336. 1966b Naissance d'une metropole. Histoire economique et sociale de Roubaix et Tourcoing au XIXe Louis Trenard assistance a Lille Societes Savantes, Histoire Moderne, t. I: 473-498. crise revolutionnaire pays-bas francais. Annales Historiques de la Revolution francaise 46: 292-316. 1977a "Les frontiere. Nord Pas-de-CalaisrV' in Jean Ehrard & Paul Viallaneix, eds., Les la Revolution. Rsbespierristes. 1977b ed., Histoire d'une metropole. Lille - Roubaix - "hurcoing. Toulouse : Privat. 1977c "Provinces et departements des Pays-Bas francais aux departements du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais," in Christian Gras & Georges Livet, eds., Regions et regionalisme en France du XVIII siecle a nos jours. Paris: FLANDERS 1789-1914: 52 -- - - --