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generalizations generalizations

generalizations - PowerPoint Presentation

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Uploaded On 2016-05-11

generalizations - PPT Presentation

DEFINED THE GLOSSARY OF OUR BOOK DEFINES A GENERALIZATION AS AN ARGUMENT USED TO SUPPORT A GENERAL STATEMENT THE WORD ALSO IS USED AS A SYNONYM FOR GENERAL STATEMENT GENERALITY IS DEFINED AS A LACK OF DETAIL OR SPECIFICITY THE MORE DIFFERENT KINDS OF XS TO WHICH THE WORD FOR ES APPLIE ID: 314765

generalizations sample cases fallacy sample generalizations fallacy cases general atypical generalization speaker statement people exceptional population writer supporting survey

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Slide1

generalizationsSlide2

DEFINED:

THE GLOSSARY OF OUR BOOK DEFINES A

GENERALIZATION

AS AN ARGUMENT USED TO SUPPORT A GENERAL STATEMENT. THE WORD ALSO IS USED AS A SYNONYM FOR GENERAL STATEMENT.

GENERALITY

IS DEFINED AS A LACK OF DETAIL OR SPECIFICITY. THE MORE DIFFERENT KINDS OF X'S TO WHICH THE WORD FOR E'S APPLIES, THE MORE GENERAL THAT WORD IS.Slide3

2 CATEGORIES OF GENERALIZATIONS

GENERALIZING FROM TOO FEW CASES (HASTY GENERALIZATION)

GENERALIZING FROM EXCEPTIONAL CASESSlide4

GENERALIZATIONS FROM TOO FEW CASES:Slide5

HASTY GENERALIZTIION

OR

FALLACY OF THE LONELY FACT

ARRIVING AT A GENERAL STATEMENT OR RULE BY CITING TOO FEW SUPPORTING CASES.

SUPPORT IS SO WEAK AS TO COUNT AS NON-EXISTENT.

SPEAKER OFFERS A "LONELY FACT"

EXAMPLE:

EVERYONE IN OMAHA IS SO NICE, JUDGING FROM THE WAY MY NEIGHBOR TREATS ME.

*JUST BECAUSE ONE PERSON (MY NEIGHBOR) IS NICE DOES NOT INDICATE THAT THE ENTIRE POPULATION OF THAT TOWN IS NICE AS WELL.Slide6

ARGUMENT BY ANECDOTE

A FALLACY THAT OCCURS WHEN A SPEAKER OR WRITER TRIES TO SUPPORT A GENERAL CLAIM BY OFFERING A STORY.

A STORY IS A SINGLE INCIDENT

MAY CARRY PSYCHOLOGICAL WEIGHT, BUT IT HAS LITTLE LOGICAL FORCE.

EXAMPLE:

DID YOU HEAR ABOUT THE COPS BEATING THAT UNARMED MAN LAST NIGHT. THEY HIT HIM WITH THEIR BATONS 5 OR SIX TIMES, AND HE WASN'T EVEN CARRYING A WEAPON. THE COPS ARE ALWAYS USING EXCESSIVE FORCE IN THEIR ARRESTS.Slide7

FALLACY OF SMALL SAMPLE

A FALLACY THAT OCCURS WHEN A SPEAKER OR WRITER GENERALIZES ABOUT A LARGE OR HETEROGENEOUS POPULATION ON THE BASIS OF TOO SMALL A SAMPLE.

SUPPORTING A CONCLUSION ABOUT A LARGE POPULATION BY CONSIDERING A SAMPLE CONSISTING OF A SINGLE PERSON

REMEMBER: GENERALIZATIONS FROM SMALL SAMPLES OF HOMOGENEOUS POPULATIONS MAY NOT BE FALLACIOUS

EXAMPLE:

EVERYONE IN NEBRASKA IS DUMB. I MET THIS GUY FROM LINCOLN THAT TOLD ME ESPN IS WHEN YOU CAN READ PEOPLE'S MINDS.

*JUST BECAUSE ONE PERSON, THAT HAPPENS TO BE FROM NEBRASKA, MISTOOK ESPN FOR ESP DOES NOT MEAN THE ENTIRE STATE OF NEBRASKA IS FULL OF DUMB PEOPLE. IT DOESN'T EVEN MEAN THAT THIS ONE PERSON IS DUMB. HE MAY HAVE MISPOKE, OR EVEN SPOKE TO SOON.Slide8

GENERALIZING FROM EXCEPTIONAL CASES:Slide9

GENERALIZATION FROM EXCEPTIONAL CASES

ARRIVING AT A GENERAL STATEMENT OR RULE BY CITING AN ATYPICAL SUPPORTING CASE

"EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES"

EXAMPLE:

IT IS ACCEPTABLE FOR AN EMPLOYER TO FIRE AN EMPLOYEE IF THAT EMPLOYEE FAILS A DRUG TEST. THEREFORE IT SHOULD BE ACCEPTABLE FOR AN EMPLOYER TO FIRE AN EMPLOYEE FOR ANYTHING THE FEEL NECESSARY.Slide10

FALLACY OF BIASED SAMPLE

OCCURS WHEN A SPEAKER OR WRITER INCAUTIOUSLY BASES A GENERALIZATION ABOUT A LARGE POPULATION ON AN ATYPICAL OR SKEWED SAMPLE.

SAMPLE IS POTENTIALLY ATYPICAL OR SKEWEED

EXAMPLE:

everyone on fox news is in favor of the death penalty. therefore most Americans are in favor of the death penalty.

*this is a biased sample because the people at fox news "may have" atypical opinions.Slide11

Self-selection fallacy

happens when someone generalizes incautiously from a self-selected sample

a self-selected sample is one whose members are included by their own decision.

example:

60% of Americans hate lebron james according to a voluntary online survey conducted by espn.

*This survey is not representative of the millions of people that did not bother to take this online survey.Slide12

distinguishing

Generalizations are the opposite of accident. accident is when a speaker/writer assumes generality automatically applies to a specific case; where as generalizations are applied to broad group/case from one atypical, specific, or extreme circumstance

weak analogies are just generalizations made from comparisons

"In a way, all fallacies are generalizations"...wait a minute, did I just commit a generalization fallacy?