Published November 8 Tropical phytoplankton species and pigments of co - PDF document

Mar. Ecol. Ser. Published November 8 Tropical phytoplankton species and pigments of continental shelf waters of North and North-West Australia G. M. Fisheries Research, CSIRO Marine Laboratories, G.P.O. Box 1538, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia ABSTRACT: The phytoplankton of the shelf waters m"2; 1977; Rothlisberg 1982), these areas are largely and the Arafura Sea in March 1982 (autumn). The methodology used (Jeffrey and Hallegraeff, 1980a, b; Jeffrey, 1981; Hal- allowed characterisation com- @ Inter-Research/Printed in F. R, phytoplankton flora, the deli- cate flagellates, and the m). pigment analysis and species collected throughout the upper 8 1 Niskin bottles. ( 15 pm fraction; Hallegraeff, 1981), subsamples were 10 pm-mesh plankton gauze Jeffrey: Phytoplankton North-West Australia in these areas m-2. The nanoplankton ( chlorophyll biomass pm fraction) formed major component phyto- (70 to % stations showed all samples taken % Chlorophyll profiles Chlorophyll max- in the central part pg I-I (Fig. 2a) and in pg l* in the Gulf of Carpentaria and 1.26 pg 1' in the when the water column was stratified (Fig. 2b). North-West Australia by spectrophotometry I Area Month  Water column Water column maximum observations (mg mV2) (ngl-'1 North-West Shelf Jun 1980 36.3  12.0 (range 21.9-54.7) 0.49  0.18 (range 0.22-0.69) 10 Dec 1982 27.4  6.8 (range 10.0-38.1) 0.60  0.21 (range 0.27-1.07) 19 Jun 1983 22.2  13.3 (range 7.0-49.7) 0.43  0.16 (range 0.25-0.85) 17 Gulf of Carpentaria Mar 1982 36.1  8.2 (range 25.8-48.4) 1.42  0.56 (range 0.78-2.34) 10 Arafura Sea Mar 1982 37.5  3.4 (range 34.1-40.9) 1.02  0.70-1.26) 3 ( 15 pm) selected stations % column chlorophyll observations  1980 84  9 (range 67-97) Dec 1982 64  4 (range 60-68) Jun 1983 73  16 (range 53-88) Gulf of Carpentaria Mar 1982 72  21 (range 30-96) Arafura Sea Mar 1982 68 + 18 (range 55-88) - 0- , I 1 I 11 (a) Chlorophyll m-â Nitrate e-â 20 - 1 \\\ Temperature .--A - 5 $40- n \ A STRATIFIED 30 29O 28' Chlorophyll a (pg.1-I) -2 .4 .6 .8 .2 .4 .6 .8 Typical chlorophyll in the (a) and c, temperature structure SP 3B/82 cruise, Stn. 2; (b) SO 6/82, Stn. (c) SO Stn. 3; (d) SO 4/80, Stn. 10 Jeffrey: Phytoplankton North-West Australia Relative proportions photosynthetic pigments samples, determined quantitative elution chromatograms. (1) SO 4/80 cruise, Stns. cruise, Stns. subsurface samples combined; SO 6/82, Stns. 62, 64, Total pigment fraction Pigment ratios chromatogram (pg) 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 derivatives (brown origin) Unidentified chlorophyll a derivatives (blue-green) Fucoxanthin Peridinin Chlorophyll a: b Chlorophyll a: c Chl a: fuxoxanthin Chl a: peridinin 0.98 0.35 2.63 trace trace 0.17 Fraction 11 (Fig. 3) * - 9 (Fig. 3) (Gephyrocapsa oceanica) other gol- flagellates at lo3 to lo4 1-I. were present lo3 to lo4 cells 1' for Nitzschia species (e.g. N. fraudulenta, N. lineola), lo3 1-I for Chaetoceros and Rhizosolenia species, and .000ll I ,I 10 20 50 60 tropical (North-West Shelf, Coral subtropical phytoplankton Australian Cur- as characterised dominance-diversity curves. (by cell on log-scale no. 1) abundant (rank 63) on water- column-integrated cell counts all species were sampling stations. Individual have been lo2 1"' blue-green alga spp. (up to lo3 trichomes 11) extended at dinoflagellates were less 10 cells 1-l. was characterised dominance- diversity curves (Hallegraeff and Ringelberg, 1978; Jeffrey and Hallegraeff, 1980s). typical curve phytoplankton with diverse East Australian Current phytoplankton. Cell numbers were integrated relative species a log scale with species from most abundant (rank no. 63) on a North- samples showed flat sigmoid curves with intermediate segments, a great diversity with abundances as species present. net samples a further species composition The complete phytoplankton species was identified These included spp.), small Hallegraeff and Jeffrey: Phytoplankton of North and North-West Australia 65 Table 5. Continued Rhizosolenia ph uketensis *Rhizosolenia robusta 'Rhizosolenia setigera *Rhizosolenia stoltherfothii * Rhizosolenia styliformis Actinocyclus ehrenbergii 'Actinoptychus undulatus Actinoptychus splendens Asterolampra marylandica "Asteromphalus flabellatus *Asteromphalus heptactis 'Asteromphalus sarcophagus Amphisolenia asymmetries Amphisolenia bidentata Amphisolenia thrinax 'Bacillaria Campylodiscus sp. Cerataulina pelagica tium biceps Ceratium breve Ceratium candelabrum * Ceratium cam'ense Ceratium cephalotum contortum Cera tium contrarium Ceratium declinatum Ceratium dens Cera tium depressum Cera tium digitatum 'Ceratium furca * Ceratium fusus Ceratium geniculatum Ceratium gibbemm Ceratium gravidum ' Ceratium hom'dum Ceratium humile Ceratium incisum * Ceratium kofoidii Ceratium lunula Ceratium macroceros Ceratium massiliense Cera tium paradoxides Ceratium pentagon Ceratium ranipes Cera tium setaceum Ceratium symmetricum diatoms and cyanobacteria Thalassionema bacillaris * Thalassionema nitzschioides DIAT * Thalassiothrix delica tula DIAT Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii DIAT * Thalassiothrix longissima * Tn'chodesmium erythraeum DIAT Trichodesmium thiebautii Rare diatoms and dinoflagellates (0.0001 to 1 % of phytoplankton biomass) DIAT * Cera tium teres DIAT Ceratium trichoceros DIAT * Ceratium tripos DIAT Ceratium tripos v. indicum DIAT 'Ceratium tripos v. pulchellum DIAT * Ceratium vultur tocorys anna horrida DIAT Citharistes apsteinii DIN Climacodium frauenfeldianum DIN Cocconeis sp. DIN * Corethron criophilum DIAT * Corythodinium elegans DIAT * Coscinodiscus concinnus gigas DIAT Coscinodiscus granii DIAT Coscinodiscus janischii Coscinodiscus perforatus Coscinodiscus radiatus Coscinodiscus stellaris Cyma tosira lorenziana DIN 'Dinophysis caudate DIN Dinoph ysis circumsutum DIN 'Dinophysis cuneus DIN Dinoph ysis doryphorum DIN 'Dinophysis hastata DIN Dinophysis miles v. indica DIN 'Dinophysis ovum DIN Dinophysis rapa DIN Dinoph ysis tum DIN * Dinophysis sphaerica DIN Diploneis bombus DIN Diploneis crabro DIN Diploneis debyii DIN Diploneis nitiscens DIN Diploneis weissflogii DIN 'Dissodium asymmetn'cum DIN 'Dissodium lunula DIN Ditylum sol DIN Eunotia sp. DIN Fragilaria sp. DIN Gon yaulax birostris Gonyaulax hyalina Gonyaulax pacifica Ubiquitous species from Sydney Jeffrey: Phytoplankton 10. Morphological (scale bar [anl, 5: Dinoflagellate Ceratocorys horrida with spine-like extensions of hypotheca. SEM. 6: Dinoflagellate Ornithocercus stein11 and epitheca. Ceratium flattened epitheca. LM. marginal wing. SBM. 10: Chain-forming diatoms furcatum and Bacteriastrum hyalinum with long setae surrounding the cells Symbiotic associations 11: Diatom punctifera with the coccolithophorid Crenalithus sessilis (arrows) attached its girdle scale bar = with epiphytic diatom sp. (arrows); LM; scale bar = 50 pm. 13: Chain-forming diatom horologicalis with epiphytic pm. 14: Chain-forming diatom with epiphytic ciliate Vorticella scale bar [mi. 15: Partial view of large centric diatom Coscinodiscus gigas with epiphytic ciliates (arrows); pm. 16: a, b: Diatom Palmeria hardmaniana with epiphytic ciliate Amphorella 2 hemispherical slits (arrows); pm. 17: Dinoflagellate Ornithocercus magnificus blue-green alga Synechococcus carcerarius loose association with girdle lists; scale bar pm. Citharistes apsteinii with intercingular chamber Synechococ- cus carcerarius and Synechocystis consortia (arrow); LM; scale bar pm. 19: a, b: Dinoflagellate Amphisolenia thrinaxwith blue-green alga Synechoccus carcerarius scale bar = 20: (a) Small diatom cylindms blue-green alga Large diatom with numerous scale bar pm. Large diatom LM; scale bar \mi Jeffrey: Phytoplankton North-West Australia Partially fluorescent with red patches) cytoplasm fluorescence) Oxytoxum scolopax subulatum Parahistioneis para Podolampas bipes Podolampas palmipes Pronoctiluca pelagica Prorocentrum lima Prorocentrum micans Protoperidinium depressum pallidum Pyrocystis fusifomis Pyrocystis (Dissodinium) lunula Pyrocystis noctiluca Scrippsiella trochoidea polyedricus Triposolenia bicornis recognised region (Fig. 17), but in Citharistes and Histioneis simi- Twenty-eight associations casual attachment coc- colithophorids (Fig. ll), diatoms (Fig. 13), ciliates (Fig. specialised relations (Fig. 18, 19, dinophysoid dinoflagellates with wing- possibly symbiotic to 100 symbiotic pm diameter) were found extracellularly cells were contained special chambers specialised endocytic relationship was (Fig. 19). These sym- same 2 species (spherical cells) Synechocystis consortia (elongated cells; Norris, 1967), Some symbionts g. dinoflagellate Sym biodinjum microadria ticum, with a wide range Tirnor Sea Arafura Sea Gulf Coral Sea Amphisolenia bidentata I I I I I Ceratocorys horrida  7 Climacodium frauenfeldianum  Ornithocercus spp.  Planktoniella sol  Pyrophacus horologicum  Trichodesmium SOD.  Bacteriastrum spp. Chaetoceros spp. Rhizosolenia spp. Ceratium dens Dinoph ysis miles Coscinodiscus gigas ==rn Odontella sinensis -== Pyrocystis noctiluca =======-=-====- Citharistes apsteinii - Gonyaulax birostris - H I Histioneis spp. - phytoplankton species coastal waters northern Australia. Solid (lo4 to lo6 cells I-'); (10 to lo3 cells I-') Hallegraeff and Jeffrey: Phytoplankton of North and North-West Australia 73 (Throndsen, 1976), world's oceans. distinctly different tropical forms, symbiotic associations taxa taria diatoms more numerous 1976; Jeffrey unpubl.). Their bizarre increase nutrient zooplankton. Symbiotic mutual exchange but thus far only Rhizosolenia-Richelia references therein). phytoplankton exhibit grateful to M. Vesk, Mr. D. assistance with microscopy; Mr. J. John and Dr. G. R. Hasle diatom taxonomy; M. C. Carbonell, Drs. K. A. Steidinger and F. J. R. dinoflagellate taxonomy; R. E. Norris and Mr. B. associations. Discussions confirmed our dinoflagellates could by fluorescence mi- croscopy. We R. Griffiths and Mr. N. Dyson for hydrological analyses. W. E., Cupp, E. E. Plankton diatoms the Java Jard. bot. Buitenzorg 44: 101-174 Bain, R. An overview Australian fishing Aust. Fish. G. internal waves North-West Shelf. Aust. Res. 32: Desrosieres, Observations sur l'ocean oriental. Cah. ORSTOM, Oceanogr. 3: M. G. (in press). The local processes Oceanographie Tropicale Hallegraeff, G. M. Seasonal study coastal station Hallegraeff, G. M. (1983). Scale-bearing and loricate nano- Australian Current. Botanica mar. G. M. Australian waters. 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A., Dal Pont., G. Klye, J., Newell, B. S. chemistry: a Markina, N. P. (1972). Special features plankton distribu- (Russ.). Izv. Tikhvokean nauchno- issled. Inst. ryb. Khoz. Okeanogr. 81: 57-68 Motoda, S., Kawamura, T., (1978). Differences between the Mullin, M. M. Size fractionation particulate organic in the Western Indian Newell, B. S. (1973). Hydrology Oceanogr. Tech. R. E. on Sea, Central Salt Marine Chemicals Institute, Bhavnagar, India, p. 178-189 Rothlisberg, P. C., Jackson, C. J. (1982). Temporal and spatial variation of plankton abundance in the Gulf of Carpen- taria, Australia 1975-1977. J. Res. 4: Y. Size distribution phyto-