The Role of “Helping” Professionals in Combating Human - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Role of “Helping” Professionals in Combating Human Trafficking

Julie Lewellyn

Marywood

UniversitySlide2

Definition“The act of recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining a person for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud or coercion” (U.S. Dept. of State, 2013, p. 31).Slide3

Types of Human TraffickingLabor trafficking

Sex trafficking

Forced labor

Debt bondage

Involuntary domestic servitude

Recruitment and use of child soldiers

(U.S. Dept. of State, 2013). Slide4

Statistics

Estimated that there are 20.9 million trafficking victims worldwide (U.S. Dept. of State, 2013).

Approx. 80% female, 50% children (

Dovydaitis

, 2010).

Estimated that 17,500-20,000 victims are trafficked into U.S. each year (Peters, 2013).

Estimated that 100,000-200,000 American children are victims of sex trafficking in the U.S. (Peters, 2013).Slide5

Legislative ResponsesVictims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000

United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and ChildrenSlide6

Research QuestionWhat can helping professionals do to aid in the identification, protection and prevention of human trafficking victims?

Three perspectives-nursing, criminal justice and social workSlide7

Nursing Perspective

Harsh working conditions often lead to physical and psychological symptoms/conditions

Common physical symptoms/conditions

Psychological symptoms/conditions

Trafficking victims rarely receive routine health care, but research suggests that receiving emergency care might be fairly common (Baldwin,

Eisenman

, Sayles, Ryan and Chuang, 2011).

ER nurses are in a unique positionSlide8

Nursing Perspective

Signs to look for

Signs to listen for

What to do

~ treat immediate medical needs

~ build rapport

~ separate from trafficker

~ obtain interpreter, if needed

(Cole, 2009;

Dovydaitis

, 2010).Slide9

Nursing Perspective

Medical exam- tattoos, GPS tracking devices (Peters, 2013).

Collect evidence (Peters, 2013).

Ask questions (

Sabella

, 2011).

Educate

Offer resources/assistance

Respect person’s decision

Must report if victim is under 18 years of age (

Dovydaitis

, 2010).Slide10

Nursing PerspectiveIncrease awareness

Develop procedures

Collaborate with law enforcement and service providersSlide11

Criminal Justice PerspectiveTrafficking Victims Protection Act-gives vital role to law enforcement

Environmental signs (Logan, Walker, Hunt, 2009)

Physical signs (U.S. Dept. of State, 2013;

Ren

, 2013;

Sigmon

, 2008).

Impact of trauma (David, 2007)Slide12

Criminal Justice PerspectiveEnsure safety

Refrain from wearing uniform or having weapon in sight

Obtain interpreter if necessary

Make support services available

Build rapport

(U.S. Dept. of State, 2013)Slide13

Criminal Justice PerspectiveEducate victims about the legal provisions afforded to them in the Trafficking Victims Protection Act

2005 reauthorization (

Ren

, 2013)

Federal assistance benefits (

Ren

, 2013)

Restitution (

Ren

, 2013; Gallagher & Holmes, 2008)Slide14

Criminal Justice PerspectiveLiterature stresses the importance of collaboration between local and federal law enforcement and social service agencies (Wilson & Dalton, 2008)

Task forces and protocols for screening potential victims are recommended (Wilson, Walsh &

Kleuber

, 2006; Wilson & Dalton, 2008; Farrell et al., 2010)Slide15

Criminal Justice PerspectiveResearch-2 national studies and 1 in Georgia

Majority of law enforcement leaders indicated their staff had not received training on human trafficking and they did not have personnel specifically assigned to the issue (Wilson et al., 2006; Farrell et al. 2010; Grubb & Bennett, 2012)Slide16

Social Work PerspectiveValues and skills are valuable assets in the fight against human trafficking

Likely to encounter survivors of trafficking (Macy & Graham, 2012;

Stotts

& Ramey, 2009)

Most critical needs of survivors (Macy & Johns, 2011; Busch-

Armendariz

,

Nsonwu

&

Heffron

, 2014)Slide17

Social Work Perspective

Conduct needs assessment

Address safety and shelter needs

Case management and its benefits (Palmer, 2010; Macy & Johns, 2011; Busch-

Armedariz

et al., 2014; Caliber, 2007)

Utilize trauma-informed care practices when assisting survivors (

Stotts

& Ramey, 2009; Macy & Johns, 2011;

Yakushko

, 2009; Palmer, 2010)Slide18

Social Work Perspective

Can identify gaps between needs and resources (Palmer, 2010)

Provide education to other professionals and community members (

Kotrla

, 2010;

Androff

, 2010;

Okech

et al., 2011; Palmer, 2010)

Conduct awareness campaigns (

Okech

et al., 2011)

Conduct outreach to vulnerable populations (

Kotrla

, 2010)Slide19

Social Work PerspectiveAddress the legal, cultural and socioeconomic factors that sustain human trafficking (Hodge, 2008;

Okech

et al., 2011;

Rijken

, 2009)Slide20

Ethical Considerations

NASW Code of Ethics

Human rights violation- United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Kant’s categorical imperative (Beauchamp & Childress, 2009)

Human trafficking violates Kant’s categorical imperative of respect for persons which is inherent in Declaration of Human RightsSlide21

Ethical ConsiderationsTrafficking Victims Protection Act places conditions on the rights of victims-hypothetical imperative (Logan et al., 2009)

Further consideration needs to be given to TVPASlide22

SummaryHelping professionals can play a vital role in combating human trafficking

Nurses

Law enforcement

Social workers

Importance of collaborationSlide23

Questions???Slide24

References

Androff

, D. K. (2011). The problem of contemporary slavery:

An

international

human

rights challenge

for social work.

International

Social

Work, 54

(2), 209-222. doi

:10

. 1177

/0020872810368395

Baldwin, S. B.,

Eisenman

, D. P., Sayles, J. N., Ryan, G., & Chuang, K. S.

(

2011).

Identification of

human trafficking victims in health

care

settings

.

Health and Human Rights, 13

(1), 1-14.

Beauchamp, T

.,

& Childress, J. (2009).

Principles of biomedical ethics

(6

th

ed.)

. New York,

NY: Oxford

University Press.

Busch-

Armendariz

, N.,

Nsonwu

, M. B., &

Heffron

, L. C. (2014). A

kaleidoscope

: The

role

of the social work practitioner and the

strength

of social work theories and practice in

meeting the

complex

needs of people trafficked and the professionals that work with them

.

International

Social Work, 57

(1), 7-18. doi

:10

. 1177/0020872813505630Slide25

References

Caliber. (2007).

Evaluation of comprehensive services for survivors

of

human trafficking:

Key

findings and lesson learned.

National Criminal

Justice Reference Service.

Cole

, H. (2009). Human trafficking: Implications for the role of the

advanced

practice

forensic

nurse.

Journal of the American

Psychiatric

Nurses Association,

14

, 462-470.

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David, F. (2007). Law enforcement responses to trafficking in persons:

Challenges

and

emerging good practice.

Trends & Issues in Crime

&

Criminal Justice, 347

, 1-6.

Dovydaitis

, T. (2010). Human trafficking: The role of the health

care

provider.

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of

Midwifery and Women’s Health, 55

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: 10. 1016/j.jmwh.2009.12.017

Farrell, A.,

McDevitt

, J., &

Fahy

, S. (2010). Where are all the victims?

Understanding

the determinants of official identification of human

trafficking

incidents.

Criminology &

Public Policy, 9

(2), 201-233.Slide26

ReferencesGallagher, A. & Holmes, P. (2008). Developing an effective criminal

justice

response to

human trafficking

: Lessons from the front line.

International Criminal Justice Review, 18

(3), 318

-343

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1177

/1057567708320746

Grubb, D. & Bennett, K. (2012). The readiness of local law enforcement

to

engage in US anti

-trafficking

efforts: An assessment of

human

trafficking

training and awareness of local,

county

, and state law

enforcement

agencies in the state of Georgia.

Polcy

, Practice and

Research

, 13

(6), 487-500.

d

oi

: 10.1080/15614263.2012.662815

Hodge, D. R. (2008). Sexual trafficking in the United States: A

domestic

problem

with

transnational dimensions.

Social Work, 53

(2), 143-152.

Kotrla

, K. (2010). Domestic minor sex trafficking in the United States.

Social Work, 55

(2)

, 181

-187.Slide27

ReferencesLogan, T. K., Walker, R., & Hunt, G. (2009). Understanding human

trafficking

in the United

States

.

Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 10

(1), 3-

30.

doi

: 10.1177/1524838008327262

Macy, R. J., & Graham, L. M. (2012). Identifying domestic

and

international sex-

trafficking

victims during human service provision

.

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 13

(2), 59-76

.

doi10.1177

/1524838012440340

Macy, R. J., & Johns, N. (2011). Aftercare services for international sex

trafficking

survivors

:

Informing U.S. service and program

development

in an emerging practice area.

Trauma

,

Violence, & Abuse, 12

(2),

87

-98.

doi

: 10.1177/1524838010390709Slide28

References

Okech

, D.,

Morreau

, W., & Benson, K. (2011). Human trafficking:

Improving

victim

identification

and service provision.

International

Social

Work, 55

(4), 488-503.

doi

: 10. 1177

/0020872811425805

Palmer, N. (2010). The essential role of social work in addressing

victims

and

survivors of trafficking.

ILSA Journal of International and

Comparative

Law, 17

(1), 43-56.

Peters, K. (2013). The growing business of human trafficking and

the

power of

emergency

nurses to stop it.

Journal of Emergency Nursing

,

39

(3), 280-288.

doi

: 10. 1016/j.jen.

2012.03.017

Ren

, X. (2013). Legal protection and assistance for victims of human

trafficking

: A

harm

reduction approach.

International Perspectives

in

Victimology

, 7

(2), 65-76.Slide29

References

Rijken

, C. (2009). A human rights based approach to trafficking in

human

beings.

Security

and

Human Rights, 3,

212-222.

Sabella

, D. (2011). The role of the nurse in combating human trafficking.

American Journal

of

Nursing, 111

(2), 28-37.

Sigmon

, J. N. (2008). Combating modern-day slavery: Issues in

identifying

and

assisting victims

of human trafficking worldwide.

Victims and Offenders, 3,

245-257.

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Stotts

, E. L. & Ramey, L. (2009). Human trafficking: A call for

counselor

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36-47.

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).

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ReferencesU. S. Department of State. (June, 2006).

Trafficking in persons report.

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rls

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Trafficking in persons report

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Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act of 2000, H.R. 3244

,

(2000

, October

28). Retrieved from:

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61124

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Wilson, D. G., Walsh, W. F

.,

&

Kleuber

, S. (2006). Trafficking in human

beings

: Training

and services

among law enforcement agencies.

Policy, Practice and Research, 7

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ReferencesWilson, J., & Dalton, E. (2008). Human trafficking in the heartland:

Variation

in law

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Yakushko

, O. (2009). Human trafficking: A review for mental health

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