Faster, Cheaper , Safer - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Faster, Cheaper, Safer: Public Policy for the InternetHenning SchulzrinneFCC (& Columbia University)Any opinions are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policiesof Columbia University or the FCC.with slides by Julie Knapp, Walter Johnston, Karen Peltz-Strauss, and others

2. OverviewPublic policy as technology enablerBroadband: faster, cheaper, saferTransitioning the PSTN to the 21st century2

3. Time of transitionOldNewIPv4IPv6circuit-switched voiceVoIP + textseparate mobile voice & dataLTE + LTE-VoIP911, 112NG911, NG112digital cable (QAM)IPTVanalog & digital radioPandora, Internet radio, satellite radiocredit cards, keysNFCend system, peersclient-server v2 aka cloudall the energy into transition  little new technology

4. Public policy as technology enablerClassical public policy goalsmarket failuresconsumer protection (e.g., bill shock, robocalls)safety (e.g., RF limits)universal availability (geography, income, disability)Spreading technologyenable at scalemake mandatory  scale, ecosystemsnew uses

5. Policy  technologyPart 15 (“unlicensed”)since 1938major revision 1989higher frequenciesunintentional, incidental, intentionalauthorized devices WiFiGPS in cell phonesE911 rules location-based services

6. Policy  technologyClosed captioninginitially, for Deaf and Hard of Hearingmigrated toairportsdoctor’s officessports barsenables text-based retrieval

7. Policy  technologyFuture opportunities:indoor locationVideo relay service = first multimedia phone-number-based interoperable real-time communication solutiondynamic spectrum access (“TV white spaces”)

8. Cisco’s traffic predictionAmbient video = nannycams, petcams, home security cams, and other persistent video streamsNID 2010 - Portsmouth, NH

9. Bandwidth costsAmazon EC2$50 - $120/TB out, $0/TB inCDN (Internet radio)$600/TB (2007)$10-30/TB (Q1 2012 – CDNpricing.com)NetFlix (7 GB DVD)postage $0.70 round-trip  $100/TBFedEx – 2 lb disk5 business days: $6.55Standard overnight: $43.68Barracuda disk: $91 - $116/TB9

10. The value of bitsTechnologist: A bit is a bit is a bitEconomist: Some bits are more valuable than other bitse.g., $(email) >> $(video)10ApplicationVolumeCost per unitCost / MBCost / TBVoice (13 kb/s GSM)97.5 kB/minute10c$1.02$1MMobile data5 GB$40$0.008$8,000MMS (pictures)< 300 KB, avg. 50 kB25c$5.00$5MSMS160 B10c$625$625M

11. Principles11

12. Spectrum

13. From beachfront spectrum to brownfield spectrum13

14. From empty back yard to time share condo14

15. Spectral efficiencyb/s/Hz: modulation, FEC, MIMO, …but also total spectral efficiencyguard bandsrestrictions on adjacent channel usage“high power, high tower”  small cells  higher b/s/Hzdata efficiencye.g., H.264 is twice as good as MPEG-2/ATSCand maybe H.265 twice as good as H.264distribution efficiencyunicast vs. multicastprotocol efficiencyavoid polling  need server modemode efficiencycachingside loadingpre-loading15

16. What can we do?16end system cachingbetter audio & video codecsefficient appsspectral efficiency (LTE-A)directional antennasgeneral purpose spectrumdense cellswhite spaces & sharingIP multicastWiFi offloadsmall cells = better spectral efficiency + more re-useLTE: 1.5 b/s/HzGSM: 0.1 b/s/Hz

17. 17cellular = about 500 MHz in total

18. Unlicensed & lightly-licensed bands (US)UHF (476-700 MHz) – incentive auctions (licensed) + some unlicensed2.4 GHz (73 MHz) – 802.11b/g3.6 GHz (100 MHz) – for backhaul & WISPs4.9 GHz (50 MHz) – public safety5.8 GHz (400 MHz) – 802.11 a/nmuch less crowded than 2.4 GHzsupported by many laptops, few smartphones18

19. 2.4 vs. 5.8 GHz

20. Freeing spectrum: incentive auctionsIncentive auctions will share auction proceeds with the current occupant to motivate voluntary relocation of incumbents Otherwise, no incentive for current occupant to give back spectrumStations keep current channel numbersvia DTV map20TVTVTVTVBBBBWithout Realignment:Reduced Broadband BandwidthTVTVBBAdjacent ChannelInterferenceWith Realignment: Accommodates Increased Broadband BandwidthTVTVAdjacent ChannelInterference

21. Small cell alternativesFemto cellsuse existing spectrumneed additional equipmentWiFi off-loaduse existing residential equipment5G networks = heterogeneous networks?Distributed antenna systems21Femto-cellsCellularDistributed Antenna SystemsSignals are distributed throughout the Building via amplifiers/antennas

22. 2457936810Non-BroadcastspectrumNon-BroadcastspectrumNew York CityFull PowerTV StationsPhiladelphiaFull PowerTV StationsLow Power TVWhiteSpaceWhiteSpaceWhiteSpaceWhiteSpaceEtc.Etc. TV channels are “allotted” to cities to serve the local area Other licensed and unlicensed services are also in TV bands “White Spaces” are the channels that are “unused” at any given location by licensed devicesLow Power TVOnly for illustrative purposesWirelessMicrophonesWirelessMicrophonesTV white spaces

23. Spectrum OutlookNo single solution:reduce spectrum usagecaching & better modulationre-use spectrumre-cycle old spectrum23

24. Broadband

25. BroadbandDeploymentUSF: Connect America FundPerformanceMeasuring Broadband Americamobile tbaSignificant progress:wider availability of 100 Mb/sfiber available to 46 million homes (FiOS, Uverse)community/non-traditional broadband (Chattanooga, KC)LTE networks

26. What Was MeasuredSustained DownloadBurst DownloadSustained UploadBurst UploadWeb Browsing DownloadUDP LatencyUDP Packet LossVideo Streaming MeasureVoIP MeasureDNS ResolutionDNS FailuresICMP LatencyICMP Packet LossLatency Under LoadTotal Bytes DownloadedTotal Bytes Uploaded

27. 27Advertised vs. actual 2012

28. Significantly better than 2011

29. 29Latency by technology

30. 30Data usage

31. 31Broadband adoptionEighth Broadband Progress Report, August 2012

32. 32Access to broadbandEighth Broadband Progress Report, August 2012

33. Competition (US)if lucky, incumbent LEC + cable companyDSL: cheaper, but low speedmean: 2.5 – 3.5 Mb/sFTTH (FiOS): 21M households10-100 Mb/sCable: > $50/month, higher speeds8-50 Mb/soften, high switching costs ($200 early termination fee)or tied to bundles (TV, mobile)can’t easily predict whether problems would be different

34. FTTH

35. State of competition (US)FCC: Internet Access Services Status as of December 31, 2009

36. 36International comparison: fixed3rd International Broadband Data Report (IBDR), August 2012

37. 37International comparison: mobile3rd International Broadband Data Report (IBDR), August 2012

38. Need for speedNetworks should be transparent don’t interfere with applicationdon’t limit performancePeak speed + upstream bandwidth  important for productive rather than consumptive appliationsLocal area networks: 100 Mb/s or 1 Gb/sCost of hybrid fiber-X networks largely independent of peak speedwide-area traffic: $2-5/month for 100 GB

39. Broadband challengesEngineeringsimplify deployment: “fiberhoods”, self installation, on-pole wireless, …Economicalcost is driven by homes passed, not homes servedcost mostly independent of speed  single price point?built-in broadband, not bolted onpay via mortgage  lower ROI expectationsPolicyFCC: “dig once”, pole attachments, Federal buildings and landsencourage municipal conduit deployment

40. Broadband virtuous cycle

41. Broadband cost70%30%

42. Maybe revisit?GoogleApril 1, 2007

43. Water + broadband

44. Easing the PSTN into the 21st centuryHenning Schulzrinne 44

45. 45PSTN: The good & the uglyThe goodThe uglyGlobal Connectivity (across devices and providers)Minimalist serviceHigh reliability(engineering, power)Limited quality (4 kHz)Ease of useHard to control reachability(ring at 2 am)Emergency usageOperator trunks!Universal access(HAC, TTY, VRS)No universal text & videoMostly private(protected content & CPNI)Limited authenticationSecurity more legal than technical(“trust us, we’re a carrier”)Relatively cheap(c/minute)Relatively expensive($/MB)

46. Universalityreachability  global numbering & interconnectionmedia  HD audio, video, textavailability  universal service regardless ofgeographyincomedisabilityaffordability  service competition + affordable standalone broadbandPublic safetycitizen-to-authority: emergency services (911)authority-to-citizen: alertinglaw enforcementsurvivable (facilities redundancy, power outages)Qualitymedia (voice + …) qualityassured identityassured privacy (CPNI)accountable reliability46What are key attributes?

47. Technologywired vs. wirelessbut: maintain quality if substitute rather than supplementpacket vs. circuit“facilities-based” vs. “over-the-top”distinction may blur if QoS as a separable serviceEconomic organization“telecommunication carrier”Legal frameworkmay be combination: Title I, Title II, VoIP rules, CVAA, CALEA, ADA, privacy laws, …47What is less important?SignalingMediaAnalogcircuit (A)circuit (A)Digitalcircuit (D)circuit (D)AINpacket (SS7)circuit (D)VoIPpacket (SIP)packet (RTP)

48. Going forwardIn progressIntercarrier compensation: IP interconnection encouragement + transition to bill-and-keepNG911, video relay servicesTo donumbering & databasessecurity model (robocalls, text spam, vishing)interconnection model

49. ConclusionDramatic transition of technologyspecial purpose  general purposestove pipes  IPnarrowband  broadbanddigital PSTN  IP PSTNWireline + wireless deploymentRegulator as technology enabler49