Maggie Saenz Ruiz Effectiveness of shin guards in preventing injuries in soccer players - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Maggie Saenz Ruiz

Effectiveness of shin guards in preventing injuries in soccer players

Slide2

Do you remember them?

Slide3

Do you recognize them?

Slide4

Have you seen him?

Slide5

Are you a soccer fan?

Slide6

Well…I am a soccer player and fan

Slide7

POPULARITY

POPULARITY

Slide8

Slide9

However, what about injury prevention?

Slide10

Slide11

Engineering design

Materials selection

B

iomechanics of motion and injuries

Efficiency

of shin guards in preventing injuries

Slide12

Although many authors conclude that shin guards may reduce the number of minor injuries such as contusions, it is still

uncertain whether they can prevent more serious injuries such as tibia fractures (Frankhauser, Seibert, Boldin, Schatz, & Lamm, 2004)

Slide13

20%



contusions

(bruises

)

13%

lower leg

Common Soccer injuries

Slide14

Tibia

Slide15

Slide16

Slide17

Foam layer

ElasticityResistance

Bending stiffness

Slide18

Ankrah and Mills Study

Cross-linked, zotefoams, closed cell, and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer foam

Ankrah, S., & Mills, N.J. (2003). Performance of football shin guards for direct stud impacts.

Journal of

Sports Engineering

, 6 (4), 207-219.

Slide19

Initial

stress and strain to prove the compressive stress in the shin guard generated by a direct stud impact

Slide20

Different kinds of guard shell geometries

+

B

ending stiffness (longitudinal and transverse)

Slide21

Adidas BasicAdidas Segmented

Adidas ShelterAdidas Venom

Nike OSi

Grays Anatomic

Umbro Armadillo

Slide22

Smooth shell loaded in transverse test

Ridged shell loaded in longitudinal test

Slide23

Falling

striker impact test

Slide24

Stud impact

Slide25

Compressive stress generated by stud impact

Slide26

Results

Viscoelasticity in the foam

Attenuates central and direct stud impacts in the tibia

Absorbs energy from impact force

Transverse and longitudinal bending stiffness

Shin guards on the market differ significantly in their capacity to distribute load, and none of them provide a high level of protection against stud impacts.

Slide27

Bir et al Study

Modification of kinematic energy of striker

Shin

guards reduced the impact force in 70%

Bir, C. A., Cassatta, S. J., & Janda, D. H. (1995). An analysis and comparison of soccer shin guards.

Clinical Journal

of Sport Medicine

, 5 (2), 95-99.

Slide28

Francisco et al Study

Test

rig with a foam muscle simulant

Shin guards reduced

the impact force in 17

%

Fiberglass shells

 better kind of protective material

Use of airbladders lessened impact forces

Increased foam thickness more important than guard length

Francisco, A. C., Nightingale, R. W., Guilak, F., Glisson, R. R., & Garrett, W.E. (2000). Comparison of soccer shin guards

in preventing

tibia fracture.

American Journal of Sports Medicine

,

28

(2), 227-233.

Slide29

Boden and Garrett Study

79% of the tibia injuries were slightly displaced fractures deriving from the later side of the tibia

Boden, B. P., Lohnes, J. H., Nunley, J. A., & Garrett, W. E. (1999). Tibia and fibula fractures in soccer players.

Knee

Surgery, Sports

Traumatology, and Arthroscopy,

7 (4), 282-266.

Slide30

Boden Study Evaluation

In

the first study of 100 players with tibia fractures, shin guards were worn 84% of the time.

In

another research of 28 players with tibia fractures, shin guards were worn 87% of the time and the most common cause of injury was the slide tackle (70%).

In

both of these studies, all fractures caused by impact were located predominantly at the middle of the

tibia

Most of tibia fractures occurred while wearing shin guards

Boden, B. P. (1998). Leg injuries and shin guards.

Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine

, 17 (4), 769-777.

Knee Surgery,

Sports Traumatology

, and Arthroscopy,

7 (4), 282-266.

Slide31

All shin guards provide a specific level of protection against injuries; specifically, tibia

fractureMaterial design + physical characteristics + thickness + shell structure + foam + transverse and longitudinal bending stiffness + compliance

Resistance, attenuation, and absorption of impact forces

I

ncreased protection

Distribution of impact forces across the guard

Direction of the force of the impact

To conclude…

Slide32

Shin guards protect, but are not the most effective mechanisms of injury prevention

Slide33

Thank you

Slide34

Ankrah

, S., & Mills, N.J. (2003). Performance of football shin guards for direct stud impacts. Journal of Sports Engineering

, 6 (4), 207-219.

Bir, C. A., Cassatta, S. J., & Janda, D. H. (1995). An analysis and comparison of soccer shin guards.

Clinical Journal of

Sport Medicine

, 5 (2), 95-99. Boden, B. P. (1998). Leg injuries and shin guards. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine

, 17 (4), 769-777. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology

, and Arthroscopy, 7 (4), 282-266. Boden, B. P., Lohnes, J. H., Nunley, J. A., & Garrett, W. E. (1999). Tibia and fibula fractures in soccer players.

Knee

Surgery

,

Sports

Traumatology, and Arthroscopy,

7 (4), 282-266.

Francisco, A. C., Nightingale, R. W., Guilak, F., Glisson, R. R., & Garrett, W.E. (2000). Comparison of soccer shin guards

in preventing

tibia fracture.

American Journal of Sports Medicine

,

28

(2), 227-233.

Frankhauser, F., Seibert, F. J., Boldin, C., Schatz, B., & Lamm, B. (2004). The unreamed intramedullary

tibial

nail in tibial

shaft fractures

of soccer players: a prospective study.

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, and Arthroscopy

, 12

(

3),

254-258

Lees, A., & Nolan, L. (1998). The biomechanics of soccer: a review.

Journal of Sports Sciences

,

16

(3), 211-234.

Schmidt-Olsen, S., Bünemann, L., Lade, V., & Brassøe, J. (1985). Soccer injuries of youth.

British Journal of Sports

Medicine

,

19

(3), 161-164.

 

 

References