Figur 1 Th Pi Ningu summi are an it locatio o mainlan New Caledoni ar - PDF document

1 Figur 1 Th Pi Ningu summi are an it loca
Figur 1 Th Pi Ningu summi are an it locatio o mainlan New Caledoni (arrowe o th inset) Indicate ove th stud sit(boxe in ar position wher wounde an dea Kagus wer foun (soli circles) an wher dog wer hear o see (ope circles)Number besid circle correspon t th respectiv Bir nos an do observation record i Table i an 2 (do observatio no 4 i outsidth ma area) Th triba villag fro wher dog B- straye i located approximatel 4 k south-wes o th summit Fores o talshrublan (clea areas i distinguishe fro low ope shrubland ferns, o cleare area (hatching) Th crosse circl indicate th listeninsit use fo th surve o th souther sid o th peak th dashe line th privat road Dog-related Kagu deaths on Pic Ningua 29Th Kag evolve i th absenc o mammalia predators Whe threatenedo t protec chicks adult ope thei wing t displa thei blac an whitbande primar feathers I nes o chic defenc the ma als fla thei wingo th groun i a typica distractio displa feignin injury Kagu ar agilan ca easil escap a huma pursue i fores habita bu ar eas pre fodogsTh Kag i onl presen o th Ne Caledonia mainland wher i i athreatene specie (Colla et al. 1994) Afte a preliminar surve b Thiolla(1989) it statu wa furthe clarifie i 199 b th firs comprehensiv fielcensu i unprotecte area (Hun 1996a whe 49 bird (17 pairs wercounted Kag distributio wa fragmente wit bird mostl restricte t intac habita a highe altitudes Anothe 16 bird (6 pairs wer a tha tim i th onl protecte Kag area Rivier Bleu Par (Letocar1992)Becaus o th Kagus taxonomi distinctivenes (th onl membe o amonotypi family) it vulnerabl lifestyl an it curren status loca aninternationa effort hav bee mad t tr an ensur it long-ter persistenc th wil (e.g Thiolla 1989 Letocar 1992 Hun 1996a thi study) Dopredatio ha bee suggeste a a importan facto causin Kag declin it habita (Sarasi 1913 Jegg 1978 Seitr an Seitr 1990 bu mosevidenc wa anecdota

2 o circumstantial Predatio case cam fro
o circumstantial Predatio case cam fro singl killb stra dog (e.g Letocar 1992) o report b hunter whos dog kille birdwhe huntin pig o dee (e.g M Bul verball 1993) Her w repor th firsdocumente cas o multipl Kag death cause b dogs whic occurre a high-altitud stud sit o Pi Ningu i 1993 Thi confirm tha dog ar predator o adul Kagus an w discus th implication fo KagMethodStudy sitePi Ningu (1,35 m i a ultrabasi pea centre betwee th south-wes annorth-eas coast o th mainlan (2i°45'S i66°8'E (Figur 1) I i a relativel cone-shape pea wit slope mostl descendin t rive valley welbelo th summit Fores (c 60 ha occur mainl abov 95 m A summiridg divide th pea int tw mai areas th norther an souther slopes fores o comparabl siz i eac area Th stud sit cover approximatel20 h primaril o th norther slopes rangin fro 80 t 1,30 m (Figur1) Th terrai her tend t b les stee an rock tha o othe part o thpeak Vegetatio ove th sit varie fro shrublan t montan forest witsom fer an cleare areas A privat roa run mostl belo th stud sita 950-1,10 m Slope ar steepe belo th roa wher fores i ofte restrictet cree gullies Th roa provide acces t curren nicke minin operation Pi Ningua an als fo pi hunter wh regularl hun i th are oweekends Pi huntin i th fores o Pi Ningu wa halte fro Januar199 whe ou Kag researc starte there G. R. Hunt et al. 29Man kilometre o walkin track wer marke throughou th stud sitwit re an whit plasti tap tie t treesKagus at the study siteKagu wer capture a th stud sit fro lat Januar 199 an fitte witsmal two-stag radi transmitter positione o thei back wit cord loope eac wing Th sam typ o transmitte an attachmen metho habee use successfull fo man year i Rivier Bleu Par (Letocar 1991) wearin o radi transmitter cause n apparen restrictio i th birds Al bird caugh als ha tw coloure plasti band place arouneac leg No al bird a th stud sit wor transmitter o

3 wer bandedTwenty-tw Kagu wer bande a th
wer bandedTwenty-tw Kagu wer bande a th stud sit a th tim w discovere thfirs attacke bir i lat Apri 1993 Fiftee o thes bird wor radi transmittersA bande bir an si ne bird wer fitte wit radi transmitter a th studsit ove th perio tha w recorde th attacks Th 2 bird consiste o te pairs thre adult (tw o unknow status an on rooste wit awidowe bird) tw unpaire adult o subadult wit thei parents an threjuvenile fro th 199 breedin season Th hom range o pair covere muco th stud site suggestin mos Kagu ther wer knownOu researc programm involve locatin bot th roos sit an foraginpositio o a radio-tracke bir i a 24- perio eac fortnight An additiona wer als recorded Foragin position wer usuall recorde betweenho an 14I100 whe bird wer no observe bu onl approache t withiapproximatel 50-10 m (estimate fro signa strength t avoi disturbinthem Becaus bird wer unsee an th likelihoo o signa distortio du tth valle an ridg topograph existed foragin location wer no exactW mappe th hom range o pair whic wer radio-tracke befor thattack too plac t compar th position wher attacke bird wer firsfoun wit th area the use prio t bein attacked W use th convepolygo metho t establis hom rang boundarie aroun th plotteposition o roos site an foragin location o pairs Dat fo th mal an o a pai wer combined Th conve polygo metho probabl actua hom rang size o flightles fores bird whe samplsize ar sufficientl large an underestimate the whe sampl size ar (McLenna et al. 1987) Sampl size her wer smallResultI 1993 2 Kagu wer foun dea (n = 15 o wounde (n = 5 a th studsit i fou distinc attac episodes thre episode betwee lat Apri an latMay an on i earl Augus (Tabl 1) Fou o th wounde birdsubsequentl die an th fift on completel recovere afte treatmen wit Th remain o tw othe bird (nos 2 an 22 wer als found th 2 bird 1 wor radi transmitters an th fou non-radio-tracke bird(nos 9 13 2

4 an 22 wer foun b chance Th remain o th
an 22 wer foun b chance Th remain o th bird foundea (n = 17 consiste o feather onl (n = 5) feather an on o morseparat bod part (n = 6) partl eate carcasse (n = 4 birds 3 9 1 an Dog-related Kagu deaths on Pic Ningua29Tabl 1 Detail o th 2 dea (n = 17 o wounde (n = 5 bird foun afte fou do attacepisode a Pi NinguBirFirst i1234567BirstatuSeUtack episode2-3-4-i-4-i-2-FMM7F7MSecond attack episode891l7-?-7-?-7777Third attack episode11Fourti11111128-?-M71 uftac/ episode5-5-8-8-9-9-HMMF77FApproximate date of death22?-?-77Dat lasthough12/14/20/19/20/19/29/5/-5/5/20/-1/1/29/29/4/4/8/unknown--Datfounattacke26/27/27/27/28/2/9/9/9/9/21/23/5/5/5/8/10/21/12/1Brie descriptio o attacke birdwhe founDea (feathers head footdigestiv tractDea (feathers on wingDea (wings head an leg ocarcassDea (feathers sectio o legWounded late dieDea (feathersWounded late dieDea (feathersDea (wings on leg an heao carcassDea (feathersDea (feathers digestiv tractDea (intactDea (intactDea (feathers head on footWounded late recovereWounded late die (possiblne mat o bir 8Wounded late dieDea (virtuall intactDea (feathersDea (virtuall intactDea (ol feathersDea (ol head feathersTransmitterbandT/T/T/T/T/T/T/T/-T/T/-T/T/T/T/T/T/T/BBColum 1 Kag identificatio number colum 2 a bird' statu i indicate b it famil no(familie 1- an 7-9 ?=famil unknown followe b it ag ( = adult J = juvenile ? =unknown) colum 3 se o bir ( = female M = male ? = unknown) colum 6 indicatewhethe attacke bird wer foun wounde o dea (remain ar briefl described) colum 7 TB=fitte wit a transmitte an le bands B = ma hav bee banded Bird 7 an 2 ma havbee wounde befor th dat the wer las though unharmed Th remain o Bird 2 an 2wer foun severa week o month afte the died20) an dea bu uneate carcasse ( = 2) Tw o th partl eate bird coulhav bee scavenge b rat a onl a smal are o th breas o eac bir waeate an n bone wer dama

5 ged Th se o a bir di no appea t affec ri
ged Th se o a bir di no appea t affec ris o i bein attackedTh dea o wounde bird wer foun ove a larg are (Figur 1) includinth souther sid o th peak althoug thi bir ma hav bee wounde o norther sid wher i wa firs captured Seve radio-tracke individualwhic ha partner (nos 3 4 6 8 10 1 an 15 wer foun outsid th homrange the wer know t us befor the o thei partner wer attacke(Figure 1 an 2) \3&5(24 / \12&17(3250 mFigur 2 Th Pi Ningu stud sit (boxe in se Figur 1 legen fo a explanatio o th features showin th approximat hom rangeuse b seve Kag pair jus befor on o bot individual o a pai were attacked Hom rang dat fo unpaire bird o thos whicbecam know a th sit afte th attack bega ar no given Th identification number o th paire bird (se Tabl 1 ar give withithei respectiv hom rang boundaries alon wit th tota numbe o data point (i brackets mal an femal dat combined use testablis th hom range Dog-related Kagu deaths on Pic Ningua 30Tabl 2 Do observatio record (barkin o visua sighting a th stud sit o Pi Ningubetwee Januar 199 an Marc 199Observationumbe12345678911Typ oobservatioBarkinBarkinSightinSightinSightinSightinSightinDat12/3/920/4/925/4/927/4/94/5/97/5/920/5/920/5/922/5/924/5/9Numbeo dogOnOnOnOnThreOnTwThreTwOnDo identificatiocod77AAB C DBCD E (killedB C,B CB (killedObservation 3- wer mad b min staffAl transmitter o attacke bird wer undamage an workin bu somo th attachmen cord wer bitte throug o eate carcasses Severa leband o eate carcasse containe singl toot mark presumabl fro pi odo bitesAfte th Augus attac episode onl fiv bird (fou female an on maleal fitte wit transmitters wer know a th stud site A 3 Marc 1995onl tw ne adul bird wer know there Thes wer capture o 2 199 an 1 Apri 199 an als fitte wit radi transmitters Abot bird spen tim i th rive valle belo th roa afte bein fitte wittransmitters the coul hav migrate t th stud sit fro thi

6 areaEvidence for dog predationEleve do o
areaEvidence for dog predationEleve do observation (barkin o visua sighting wer recorde a th stud betwee lat Januar 199 an 3 Marc 199 (Tabl 2 Figur 1) G.R.Hwa presen a th stud sit ove thi perio for o average fou day eac an do observation b staf a th min ma hav gon unrecordedDo scat wer foun o onl tw occasion betwee lat Januar 199 an 1995 severa recen scat o ope groun a on locatio nea th roadurin th perio o th do attack an on fres sca o 3 Octobe 199 o ol minin trac nea th othe scats Kag remain wer i al th scats differen dog wer identifie a th stud site a los huntin do (whit do A i Tabl 2 whic min staf identifie an observe fro Pi Ningu th da befor th firs attacke bir wa foundan fou dog (B C D an E i Tabl 2 whic belonge t a hunte fro th villag i th valle o th souther sid o th pea (se Figur 1 legend)Description b min staf o dog the observe a th stud sit jus beforth secon attac episod indicate dog B C an D an G.R.H observe th dog tw week late a th tim o th thir attac episodeWound o Kagu consisten wit dog bite wer circula punctur marki th ski o an aroun th bac regio o al wounde an (intact deabirds N injurie wer notice aroun th hea region o attacke birds W G. R. Hunt et al. 30hav n evidenc tha dog burie Kag remain o whol carcasses a a strado di wit a Ne Zealan Brow Kiw Apteryx australis mantelli i kille(Taborsk 1988) A dog-relate deat fo bir 2 seem likel a onl th heawa present Th feathe remain o bir 2 appeare les tha a fe month an it deat ma als hav bee cause b dogsA do o dog clearl cause th deat o bir 1 whic wa foun o 2Ma i vegetatio a fe metre fro th road Obviou sign o a chas an b a do wer indicate b do an Kag footprint an Kag feather th roa nex t wher th bir wa located G.R.H sa thre dog a thsam sit th previou evenin (Tabl 2 Figur 1) Do footprint (identifieb M Bull wer onl observe nea on othe dea Kagu th feathe remaino bir 8 foun ap

7 proximatel 35 m fro th road Th footprint
proximatel 35 m fro th road Th footprint wer o amudd trac wher the wer eas t detectG.R.H kille tw dog o th roa a th stud site o 2 an 2 Ma 199(Tabl 2 Figur 1) Kag remain wer i th (full stomac o on do bu amaggot wer als presen i ha apparentl recentl eate a Kag carcassI seem improbabl tha pigs whic mov relativel noisil throug forestcoul captur health adul Kagus However the di fee o Kag carcasse pi scat containin Kag remain wer foun a th stud sit afte th firs wer attacke i lat April N fres pi scat containin Kag remainwer foun afte earl MayFera cat Felis catus hunte i fores a th stud sit bu th wound oKagu wer no characteristi o ca attacks N hea an nec injurie wer o bird bu thes wer o a newl release captive-bre juvenil b a ca i Rivier Bleu Par (Y Letocar verball 1994) Also n Kag wer eve foun i ca scat G.R.H inspecte a th stud siteCensus of Kagus outside the study siteI 1992 loca hunter hear man Kagu sin i fores o th souther slopeo Pi Ningua T chec i researche presenc o activitie a th stud sit hale t th do attacks par o th souther sid (outsid th stud site wasurveye fo Kagus Th fores ther wa close t th triba villag fro wherdog B- ha strayed Th presenc o man Kagu o th souther sid woulstrongl sugges researc activitie o th norther sid increase th risk obird bein attackedG.R.H listene fo earl mornin Kag son (4 minute befor an aftesunris an th mai perio whe bird sing Jegg 1978 fro wher thhunter ha hear Kagu sin (Figur 1) O 2 morning betwee 1 Octobe199 an 1 Februar 199 onl on Kag pai san (o 3 December) A MCindoa a pea j.5 k fro Pi Ningu an wher a leas eigh Kag pairlived bird san o eac mornin (n = 12 G.R.H spen ther ove th samperiod Thi suggest tha nearl al th Kagu o Pi Ningu wer attacke no jus thos a th stud siteDiscussioTher seem littl doub tha dog cause th death o a leas 1 o th 2Kagu know t hav die a Pi Ningua Th number kille ar almos Dog-

8 related Kagu deaths on Pic Ningua 30cert
related Kagu deaths on Pic Ningua 30certainl highe a Kagu withou transmitter ha als bee o th peak Thafou dea bird no fitte wit transmitter wer foun b chanc suggest thiwa th caseLos huntin do A see a th en o Apri coul hav bee responsibl foth firs attac episode Th fou dog fro th triba villag certainl appearesponsibl fo th secon an thir attac episode a the wer see arounthos times N dog wer see o hear a th stud sit aroun th Augus episode suggestin tha th dog(s responsibl reache th sit withouusin th acces roa an thu als probabl cam fro th triba villageI i a disturbin coincidenc tha dog attacke Kagu a th stud sit soo(thre months afte intensiv researc wor starte there Kagu ther wer ahig densitie befor th attacks indicatin tha thei number ha bee stabl fo som years Kagu fitte wit transmitter an le bandshoul no hav bee mor a ris a bird withou the wer als attackedTh virtua disappearanc o Kagu o th souther slope suggest tha dog bird ther a well therefor th researc activitie ar unlikel t havattracte dog t th peak Dog ma hav starte attackin Kagu o thsouther slope the move t th stud sit i searc o mor prey Nevidenc suggest ou marke walkin track i th fores wer use b dogsSeve attacke bird wer foun outsid thei previousl know homranges suggestin tha thi phenomeno wa predation-related Dog ma chase and/o carrie th bird t th site wher the wer found obird move t th site themselve afte bein lef wounded Th remain o 3 include th head indicatin th bir wa chase and/o carrie t thsit b a do a pig-scavenge carcasse probabl consiste o littl els othetha feathers Althoug adul Kagu ar eas pre fo dogs th circumstancesurroundin th deat o bir 1 sugges tha the defen themselve brunnin t tr an escap thesTh huntin behaviou o th dog a Pi Ningu indicate tha dog ar aseriou threa t Kagus I tw o th fou attac episode wounde bird werlef aliv t di late an thi ma hav als happene

9 t man o th bird dead Thu th dog cause t
t man o th bird dead Thu th dog cause th death o man mor bird tha wa fo foodTw behavioura aspect o th stra dog fro th triba villag arimportant the probabl hunte i a pac whic shoul facilitat th findin captur o birds an the mad repea visit t fores wit relativeldifficul huntin access Althoug th ma distanc fro th villag t th stud wa no larg ( km) th dog ascende fro 20 m t probabl aroun1,30 m (bir 1 wa foun dea a 1,28 m) The climbe ove 1,00 m ialtitude demonstratin tha Kagu a highe altitude (wher man unprotectebird no remain ar als a ris fro predatio b stra dogs Th los huntindo ma hav kille bird bu i lef th pea an apparentl di no return Icontrast th stra dog mad repea visit t th stud sit t hunt evidenceb sighting o th sam individual a th secon an thir attac episode no i betwee thes times Thu severa dog almos exterminate Kagu th mountai to fores o Pi NinguaTh do attack a Pi Ningu ma no b a isolate event Dog-relatedeath o non-radio-tracke Kagu shoul b difficul t detec becaus the G R. Hunt et al. 30woul occu i fores wher an remain woul b quickl remove b pigsTh situatio see wit th similar-size Brow Kiwi als a flightles foresbird ma no b unlik tha o th Kagu Ther ha bee growin evidencafte th firs reporte dog-cause multipl (radio-tracked Brow Kiw death(Taborsk 1988 tha suc incident ar a continuin proble an do predatio b th mai reaso fo th species' declin i certai area (Mille anPierc 1995) Do predatio ma als b a importan caus o Kag declin it rangeContro o dog t protec Kagu need t b approache i tw waysreducin th occurrenc o dog straying an controllin stra dog i an Kag areas Addressin th latte wil necessaril involv th o intensivel manage reserve wher dogs an othe ar controlled Onl on exists Rivier Bleu Par i th SoutherProvince Continuin do contro ther b poisonin an shootin ha reduce do presenc (Y Letocar verball 1994) an thesmethod ca b appl

10 ie elsewhere Demarcatio o Kag reserve i
ie elsewhere Demarcatio o Kag reserve i necessarbu specia regulation coul appl i the t tak accoun of fo exampletraditiona hunting Huntin o Noto Ducula giganta (nativ pigeon doe norequir dogs an way o huntin pig an dee withou endangerin Kagushoul b investigated fo example us o human snarin method owell-traine muzzle dogsReducin th occurrenc o strayin dog wil no b easy Do registratioi currentl onl require i thre town (Noumea Poy an Pouembout)wher thi la i littl o no enforced an stra dog ar commonl seewalkin alon roa margins I triba villages dog ar numerou an hav a integra par o triba life fo exampl fo hunting sinc theiintroductio i 177 (Pisie 1974) Becaus th village ar generall close tfores an Kag area tha municipa towns i wil b especiall importan tinvolv thes communitie i Kag conservation Th stra do proble caonl b solve ove th longe ter an require continuin educatio abou th do threa t Kagu t encourag greate responsibilit i ownershi an enforcemen o do contro lawsA presen onl a smal numbe o Kagu ar protecte (6 pair censuse iRivier Bleu Par i 1991 an thi i no adequat t provid a reasonabl o long-ter Kag persistenc i th wild Th do attack a Pi Ningudemonstrat thi clearly Additiona reserve ar essentia i th shor termpreferabl i a variet o vegetatio types t protec significan number obreedin pair an bette insur agains catastrophe (Mange an Tie 1994)Fo example th establishmen o a manage reserv a Pi Ningu t ensur remai ther b seriousl considered especiall a i woul als protec th importan populatio o tool-usin crow Corvus moneduloideslivin i th fores o th pea (Hun 1996b)I summary dog ar dangerou predator o adul Kagu an effort tprotec bird fro dog wil require (1 th establishmen o additionaintensivel manage reserve i th shor term (2 continuin awarenesprogramme t educat th publi an administrator abou th nee fo Kagprotectio an associate do contro

11 l (3 th involvemen o triba communitie Ka
l (3 th involvemen o triba communitie Kag conservation an (4 th enforcemen o do contro laws Dog-related Kagu deaths on Pic Ningua 30Establishmen o ne reserve wil als hel protec th hig endemis anbiodiversit (e.g Chazea 1993 Jaffr et al. 1994 i Ne Caledonia' forestsAcknowledgementTh Servic d l'Environnemen e d l Gestio de Pare e Reserve d lProvinc Su allowe u t wor i th Pi Ningu Botanica Reserve SL(Societ l Nickel minin compan gav u permissio t us thei roa t PiNingua an provide accommodatio fo G.R.H nearby W than Jean-Loui Marce Boulet Michae Bull Aliso Duncan Etienn Dutailly Alaiva Heck Yve Letocart Jacqu Locque Mireill Pandolfi Serg Sirgouantan SL staf a Thi fo appreciate suppor durin th do attacks Philipp fo hel wit Kag capture an Josep Guill fo findin bir 22 b Murra Potter Jean-Mar Thiollay an tw anonymou referees improve th manuscript Thi wor wa carrie ou unde th'Kag Projec Phas II funde b BirdLif Internationa an th Roya Societfo th Protectio o Birds an manage locall b th Associatio pou l d l Natur Neo-CaledonienneReferenceBregulla H L (1987 Zu biologi de Kagu Rhinochetus jubatus. Zool. Gart 57 349-365Chazeau J (1993 Researc o Ne Caledonia terrestria fauna achievement anprospects Biodivers. Lett. 1 123-129Collar N J. Crosby M J an Stattersfield A J (1994 Birds to Watch 2. The world listof threatened birds. Cambridge U.K. Birdlif Internationa (BirdLif Conserv Serie 4)Jaffre T. Morat P an Veillon J.-M (1994 L Flore caracteristique e compositiofloristiqu de principale formation vegetales Bois et Forets des Tropiques 242 7-30Jeggo D (1978 A preliminar surve repor o th Kag Rhynochetos jubatus o NeCaledonia Dodo 15 20-28Hunt G R (1996a Environmenta variable associate wit populatio pattern o thKag Rhynochetos jubatus o Ne Caledonia Ibis 138 778-785Hunt G R (1996b Manufactur an us o hook-tool b Ne Caledonia crowsNature 379 249-251Le

12 tocart Y (1991 Mis e evidenc pa biotelem
tocart Y (1991 Mis e evidenc pa biotelemetri d 1'habita utilise dcomportemen territoria e social e d l reproductio che l cago hupp(Rhynochetos jubatus) dan l Par d l Rivier Bleue Servic d l'Environnemen ed l Gestio de Pare e Reserve d l Provinc Sud Noumea UnpublishedLetocart Y (1992 Sauvegard d cago hupp (Rhynochetos jubatus) dan l ParProvincia d l Rivier Bleue Servic d l'Environnemen e d l Gestio de Paree Reserve d l Provinc Sud Noumea UnpublishedMangel M an Tier C (1994 Fou fact ever conservatio biologis shoul knoabou persistence Ecology 75: 607-614McLennen J A. Rudge M R an Potter M A (1987 Rang siz an denninbehaviou o Brow Kiwi Apteryx australis mantelli, i Hawke' Bay Ne ZealandN.Z. } Ecol. 10 97-107Miller P J an Pierce R J (1995 Distributio an declin o th Nort Islan BrowKiw (Apteryx australis mantelli) i Northland Notornis 42 203-211Pisier G (1974 La decouverte de la Nouvelle Caledonie par Cook. Noumea Societ d'EtudeHistoriqu (Publ 5) G. R. Hunt et al. 30Sarasin F (1913 Di Voge Neu-Kaledonien un de Loyalty-Inseln Pp 55-6 i FSarasi an R Roux eds Nova Caledonia, Zoologie, vol 1 Wiesbaden C W KriedelVerlagSeitre R an Seitre J (1990 Rappor d missio 'Cagou d 25/4/9 a 6/5/90 CNRSSRETIE Paris UnpublishedTaborsky M (1988 Kiwi an do predation observation i Waitang Stat ForestNotornis 35 197-202Thiollay J.-M (1989 Etud e conservatio d cago (Rhynochetos jubatus). CNRSSTRETIE Paris UnpublishedGAVI R HUN an CLAR J VELTMADepartment of Ecology, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New ZealandRO HADepartment of Conservation, P.O. Box 10420, Wellington, New Zealand. Bir Conservatio Internationa (1996 6:295-30Multipl Kag Rhynocheios jubatus deathcause b do attack a a high-altitudstud sit o Pi Ningua Ne CaledoniGAVI R HUNT RO HA an CLAR J VELTMASummarDo predatio ha bee cite a a importan facto i th declin o th threateneKag