D uring C omposition of Oil P alm Empty F ruit B unch C hinyere C A nagoba and A lfred Y Itah D epartment of Microbiology U niversity of U yo Uyo ID: 777346
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Slide1
Microbiology, Biochemical Changes and Biogas Production During Composition of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
Chinyere C. Anagoba and Alfred Y. Itah*Department of Microbiology University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
1
Slide2Background of the StudyBiomassproject.blogspot.com
Oil palm is a tropical plant that grows in warm climate at altitudes below 500 meters above sea level.In Nigeria, the tree is widely grown as valuable economic crop to provide employment and yield revenue to farmers. It is a smajor source of vegetable oil and palm oil extracted from fruits for food and marketingMills generate a large amount of solid wastes, chiefly lignocellulosic materials e.g. fronds, trunks, palm kernel and OPEFB.The residues comprise 7.0 million tones of oil palm trunks, 26.2 million
tonnes of oil palm fronds and
23
% of
OPEFB
per
tonne of Fresh Fruit Bunch processed in oil palm mill industryOil palm wastes cause environmental pollution problems and spread diseases.Incineration of OPEFB is now prohibited by regulations to prevent air pollution Due to labor shortage, the transportation and distribution of OPEFB in the field is becoming more expensive.There is a growing interest in composting EFB, in order to add value and reduce the volume of waste.
2
Slide3Background of the Study Cont’dYisanigeria.org
Imagestack.comBiomassproject.blogspot.comHarvestingStrippingOil palm treeEmpty fruit bunchesRipe oil palm fruit bunchPalm oilMulch materials: to control weeds, prevent erosion and maintain soil moisture
(
lignocellulosic
material)
3
Slide4ObjectivesA quantitative and qualitative microbiological assessment of OPEFB during composting and anaerobic digestion
Determine the physicochemical and proximate composition of the OPEFBAssess the biogas production potential of OPEFB without pre-treatment using Anagitah Anaerobic Digester 4
Slide5Overview of Anaerobic Digestion ProcessSource: Eduok
, 20135
Slide6Experimental DesignBiomassproject.blogspot.com
Empty fruit bunchesShredded oil palm fruit bunchAnagitah anaerobic digesterDigestateCulture-dependent microbiological analyses of digestate and degraded EFB for 10 months at 3 weekly intervalProximate composition, physicochemical analyses of the degraded fruit bunch and digestate
Determination of biogas potential
Analysis of variance using
Statistica
® software v12
Graduated reverse cylinder device
6
Slide7Figure 1:Temperature regime of the digestate during anaerobic digestion
Graph of temperature measurement of OPEFB at three Weekly interval for 10 months.Temperature ranged from 270C to 450C from Week 1 to 21 followed by a reduction from 450C to 360C from Week 21 to 42Temperature (°C)7
Slide8Table 1:Physicochemical Characteristics of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
pH increased from 7.80 in Week 1 to a peak of 8.50 in Week 30 and decreased to 7.17 in Week 42.N, P, K, and Mg decreased remarkably from 1.62 to 0.10mg/L, 11.33 to 0.17mg/L and 8.66 to 0.11mg/L Respectively.Heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Fe decreased remarkably from 2.53, 1.89, 2.23, 2.41 and 8.78 mg/L in Week 1 to 0.40, 0.22, 0.20, 0.07 and 0.19 in Week 42 respectively with composting time.WeekpHK mg/LZn mg/LCu mg/LPb mg/LCa mg/LMg mg/L
Na mg/L
Cd mg/L
Fe mg/L
P mg/L
N mg/L
C
C/N17.808.662.531.892.232.794.80
1.26
2.41
8.78
11.33
1.62
66.00
40.64
3
7.92
8.45
2.19
1.68
2.18
2.65
4.58
1.20
2.09
7.73
9.98
1.51
61.36
40.58
6
8.00
8.19
2.00
1,56
2.07
2.44
4.49
1.99
1.88
5.82
5.67
1.17
47.00
39.97
9
8.15
8.00
1.94
1.49
1.94
2.18
4.28
1.67
1.75
2.78
4.47
1.03
41.00
39.73
12
8.26
7.40
1.79
1.30
1.86
1.99
3.98
1.55
1.57
1.90
4.330.9939.1239.44158.306.991.441.291.551.752.241.321.331.892.770.9537.0038.87188.365.491.281.241.371.551.891.141.191.781.470.8031.0038.75218.394.121.041.191.201.291.800.101.181.501.190.7328.3438.61248.422.520.931.080.991.981.770.981.101.441.140.5220.0938.41278.471.900.841.000.840.881.550.770.090.101.000.4417.0038.20308.501.660.720.950.470.751.490.550.880.860.990.4015.2638.15337.401.180.700.770.380.220.190.170.750.550.800.3011.5837.72367.350.470.550.530.320.190.880.150.300.330.550.145.2036.88397.200.190.440.250.310.120.510.110.140.300.320.114.1236.79427.170.110.400.220.200.080.480.080.070.190.170.104.0036.70
8
Slide9Table 2:Proximate Analysis of the Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
Week(s)Moisture (%)Protein (%)Lipid (%)Ash (%)Fibre (%)Carbohydrate(CHO) (%)Caloric ValueOrganic Matter(%)
1
63.00
10.15
0.54
8.00
4.78
76.53372.1892.00364.009.45
0.82
9.72
5.10
74.91
356.82
90.28
6
65.08
7.35
0.94
10.10
6.78
74.83
337.18
89.90
9
66.65
6.45
1.00
12.27
8.70
71.58
309.12
87.73
12
68.16
6.20
1.08
12.48
9.24
71.00
302.72
87.52
15
68.84
5.95
1.13
14.30
11.71
66.91
300.61
85.70
18
70.94
5.00
1.20
17.60
15.01
61.19
271.76
82.40
21
68.94
4.59
1.33
19.20
17.60
57.28
259.45
80.80
24
70.84
3.27
1.2324.5019.2051.80231.3575.502768.842.781.2326.4020.9348.66216.8373.603067.292.501.0532.4222.0042.03187.5767.583365.341.920.8735.9926.0635.16156.1564.013664.500.880.5740.6127.1630.78131.7759.393964.000.700.5043.6430..7524.41104.9456.364263.550.680.4843.9031.0023.94102.8056.10Moisture content varied from 63% to 70.94%Protein content decreased from 10.15% to 0.68%Lipid content increase from 0.54 to 1.33 from week 1 to 21 and decreased thereafter from 1.33 to 0.48 from Week 21 to 42.Significant Increase in Ash and Fibre Content.
9
Slide10Figure 2: Growth Profile of Bacteria and Fungi During Composting of Oil Palm Empty Fruit BunchTHB: Peak at Week 27TFC: Peak at Week 18
Key:THB: Total Heterotrophic Bacterial CountTFC: Total Fungi Count10
Slide11Figure 3: Growth Profile of Anaerobic Bacteria During Digestion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit BunchPeak at Week 8TABC:Total
Anaerobic Bacterial Count11
Slide12Dominant microbial species in the anaerobic digesterBacteriaYeastsFungi
Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus megaterium,Saccharomyces uvarum and Candida pseudotropicalis.Absidia repes, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus glaucus, Fusarium oxysporium, Mucor haemalis, Helminthosporium satiuum
12
Slide13Frequency of occurrence of aerobic bacteria from oil palm empty fruit bunch
OrganismsNo of isolatesPercentage of occurrence (%)Bacillus megaterium1525.9Staphylococcus aureus 915.5Micrococcus luteus 1017.2
Klebsiella
aerogenes
12
20.7
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1220.7Total5810013
Slide14Frequency of occurrence of microorganisms isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunchFungal isolates
No. of isolatesPercentage of occurrence (%)Aspergillus nigerAspergillus fumigatusAspergillus glaucusAspergillus terreusAspergillus candidusAspergillus flavusCandida tropicalisCandida pseudotropicalisPenicillium italiticumFusarium oxysporium
Absidia
sp
.
Cephalosporium
sp.Mucor haemalisRhizopus oligosporusVerticillium sp.Saccharomyces sp.Total14 1010 89
7
4
5
6
9
12
2
13
8
5
7
129
9.3
7.8
7.8
6.2
7.0
5.4
3.1
3.9
4.7
7.0
9.3
1.6
10.0
6.2
3.9
5.4
100
14
Slide15Biogas production from anaerobic digesterVolume of biogas produced (m
3)Biogas volume increased from 0.005m3 to 0. 035m3 with digestion time 15
Slide16DISTRIBUTION AND MICROBIOLOGICAL SUCCESSION DURING COMPOSTING OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH ORGANISMS
THREE-WEEKLY FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF ISOLATES IN OPEB COMPOSTBacteria
1
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
Micrococcus
luteus
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
x
x
x
√
√
√
x
Klebsiella
alrogenes
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
x
√
√
√
x
x
√
Staphylococcus
aureus
√
x
√
√
√
√
√
x
x
x
x
√
√
√
√
Pseudomonas
alruginosa
√√√√√√√√x√√√√xxBacillus megateriumx√√√√√√√√√√√√√√Streptococcus fascalis√x√√x√√√xxx√√x√Micrococcus variansx√√√xx√xxxx
√
√
x
x
Bacillus subtilis
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Clostridium
butyricum
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pseudoinas
Stutzer
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
x
x
x
x
Fungi
Absidia repes√√√√√√√√√√√xxx√Aspergillus niger√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√Aspegillus glaucus√√√x√x√xx√√x√√√Fusarium oxysporum√x√√√√x√xxx√√x√
16
Slide17ORGANISMSTHREE-WEEKLY FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF ISOLATES IN OPEB COMPOST
Fungi Contd:1369
12
15
18
21
24
27
30333639
42
Mucor
heamelis
√
√
√
√
√
x
√
√
√
√
√
√
x
√
√
Aspergillu
fumigatus
√
√
√
√
x
x
√
√
√
√
√
√
x
x
x
Aspergillus
candidus
√
√
x
√
x
√
√
√
√
√
√
x
x
x
x
Aspergillus
terreus
√
√
x
x
√
√√xx√xx√√xAspergillus flavus√x√xx√√x√√√xxxxPenicillium italiticum√x√√√√√xxxxx√x√Penicillium frequentans√x√x√√√xxxxxxxxSaccharomyces uvarium√√√√√√√xxxxxxxxCandida pseudotropicalisxx√x√x
√
x
x
x
x
x
√
x
x
Candida
tropicalis
x
x
√
√
√
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
√
x
x
Rhizopus
oligosporus
x
x
x
√
√
√
√
√
x
x
√
√
√
x
x
Venticillium
species
x
x
x
√
√
x
√
x
x
x
x√√xxCephalosporium resinaexxxx√√xxxxxxxxxDISTRIBUTION AND MICROBIOLOGICAL SUCCESSION DURING COMPOSTING OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH CONT’D17
Slide18Summary and ConclusionResults have revealed heterogeneity in genera and species of micro-organisms during composting and anaerobic digestion of OPEFB over time
Varying quantities of essential plant nutrient obtained, underscores the use of OPEFB as organic fertilizerThe microbiological, biochemical changes and biogas producing potentials during composition of OPEFB for 42 weeks have been presented.Biogas yield of 0.035m3 from anaerobic digestion of 2,750g of the compost without any pre-treatment suggests OPEFB as a possible candidate for renewable energy and commercial biogas production rather than wastes in developing countries.Relatively high level of heavy metals were encountered at various period of composting, although they decreased with time Varying levels in the proximate composition of the digestate over time18
Slide19THANK YOU FOR LISTENING19