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B A C B A C

B A C - PowerPoint Presentation

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B A C - PPT Presentation

T E R I A L S T A I N I N G 1 What is a Stain A stain is a substance that adheres to a cell giving the cell color The presence of color gives the cells significant contrast so are much more visible ID: 410563

stains stain slide bacteria stain stains bacteria slide gram cell structures negative simple air water staining cells dye acidic

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Slide1

BACTERIAL STAINING

1Slide2

What is a StainA stain is a substance that adheres to a cell, giving the cell color.The presence of color gives the cells significant contrast so are much more visible. Different stains have different affinities for different organisms, or different parts of organismsThey are used to differentiate different types of organisms or to view specific parts of organisms 2Slide3

Why we should be Stain BacteriaBacteria have nearly the same refractive index as water, therefore, when they are observed under a microscope by wet mount they are opaque or nearly invisible to the naked eye.Different types of staining methods are used to make the cells and their internal structures more visible under the light microscope.3Slide4

stains composes fromStains are a mixture of chromogen and auxochrome Chromogen = benzene derivative + chromophore (coloring agent)Auxochrome: give +ve or –ve charge to the chromogenThe ionized stain is capable of binding to cell structures with opposite charges.

4Slide5

Basic stains are cationic; when ionized, the chromogene exhibits a positive charge. Basic stains bind to negatively charged cell structures like nucleic acids. Methylene blue, crystal violet and carbolfuchsin are common basic stains.Acidic stains are anionic; when ionized, the chromogen exhibits a negative charge.

Acidic stains bind to positively charged cell structures like proteins

. Picric acid, eosin and

nigrosin

are common

acidic

stains.

Bacteria are slightly negatively charged at pH 7.0

Basic dye stains

bacteria

Acidic dye stains

background

5Slide6

There are three type of staining in Microbiological lab.1. Simple stain.2. Differential Stain: (Gram stain , Acid fast Stain)3. Special stain: (Capsular stain, Endospore stain, Flagellar stain). 6Slide7

Simple stain 7Slide8

Simple stainUsed to show the general structures (shape and arrangement) of some bacteria.Aqueous or alcohol solution of single (usually basic) stain is used in this procedure 8Slide9

procedure1. Obtain broth cultures of the bacteria.Using an inoculating loop, remove a loopful of suspension from one of the tubes. Remember to use sterile technique. 3. Smear the bacteria across the center of the slide with the loop. If the bacterial suspension is very thick, add a drop of water and mix the bacteria and the water on the slide.

9Slide10

4. Allow the smear to completely air dry.Air dry first to prevent lysis (boiling)5. Heat-fix the smear by quickly passing the slide through a Bunsen burner flame three times. This causes partial melting of the cell walls and membranes of the bacteria, and makes them stick to the slide. Do not overheat the slide as this will destroy the bacteria. Heat FixingKill.Stops autolysis.Adherence to slide.Increase dye taking

10Slide11

116. Cover the smear with a few drops of one of the stains. Allow the stain to remain for the following periods of time: Carbolfuchsin- 15-30 seconds. Methylene blue- 1-2 minutes.

Nigrosin

- 20-60 seconds.

. The stain can be poured drop by drop on the slide

7. Gently rinse the slide by holding its surface parallel to a gently flowing stream of water.

8. Gently blot the excess water from the slide with bibulous paper. Do not wipe the slide. Allow the slide to air dry.

Observe the slide under the microscope with air and oil lenses

. Slide12

Simple Stains 12Slide13

Bacterial shape arrangementClusters (group).Chains.Pairs (diploids). No special arrangement. 13

Cocci

BacilliSlide14

Differential stain 14Slide15

Gram stainDifferential stain (Hans Christian Gram, a Danish doctor ). He developed a new method to stain bacteria so they can be visible in specimen samples.Differentiate bacteria into two large groups (the Gram Positive and the Gram negative)Gram status is important in medicine; the presence or absence of a cell wall will change the bacterium's susceptibility to some antibioticsAlmost all bacteria are described by their Gram stain characteristics.

Based on differences of Cell wall structuresSlide16

Reagents for Gram StainCrystal Violet (purple).Primary stain; positive stainStains cell wall purpleIodineMordantCombines with primary stain to form an insoluble complex that gets trapped in

bacterial cell wall

Ethanol

Decolorizer

CV-I complex washed out of Gram negative organisms because it cannot be trapped

by

lippopolysaccharide

layer

; flows right through outer membrane

Safranin

(pink)

Counterstain

Simple positive stain that provides contrasting dye for decolorized cells (Gram negative)

Stains all cells, but only the negative ones actually appear pink.Slide17

17Slide18

Slide19

Gram Stain colors 19Color of

Gram + cells

Color of

Gram – cells

Primary stain:

Crystal violet

Purple

Purple

Mordant:

Iodine

Purple

Purple

Decolorizing agent:

Alcohol-acetone

Purple

Colorless

Counterstain:

Safranin

Purple

RedSlide20

Gram Staining Procedure 20

(after air drying and heat fixation)Slide21

Gm-ve bacilli 21Gm+ve

cocciSlide22

Errors during stainingNever ever used old culture. Never ever used sample for patient take antibiotic.Time of Decolorizer:Over: G + see as G -.Low: G- see as G +.Time of fixation:Over: G + see as G -.Low: no sample on slide.

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