1125 Tuesday Clouds and Climate Nick Mangieri Noctilucent clouds using CloudSat 15minutes Allison MarquardtThe Earth Radiation Budget Experiment 15minutes Ross Alter MODIS Atmosphere 15minutes ID: 677522
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Slide1
The A-Train
1Slide2
Presentation Schedule
11/25 (Tuesday): Clouds and ClimateNick
Mangieri
--
Noctilucent clouds using CloudSat (15-minutes)Allison Marquardt--The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (15-minutes)Ross Alter -- MODIS / Atmosphere (15-minutes)Lynn DiPretore -- Raman Lidar (15-minutes) 12/2 (Tuesday): Biological Oceanography Chris Devito, Rob Reale, Antonio Riggi -- Sea Surface Temperature and Phytoplankton (30-minutes)Emily French -- Phytoplankton and ENSONicole Mentel -- Satellite Detection of Oil Spills (15-minutes)Americo DeLuca -- Satellite Remote Sensing of Titan and the early Atmosphere of Earth (15-minutes) 12/4 (Thursday): Weather DetectionReynir Winnar and Steve Sekula -- Severe Weather Detection (20-minutes)Geoffrey Grek -- Mobile Tornado Radars (15-minutes)Justin Godynick -- Sea Ice Detection by Satellite (15-minutes) 12/9 (Tuesday): Remaining presentations
2Slide3
A-TRAIN CONSTELLATION
The Afternoon or "A-Train" satellite constellation presently consists of 5 satellites; NASA's Aqua and Aura satellites, CNES' PARASOL satellite, and the CALIPSO and CloudSat satellites inserted in orbit behind Aqua in April 2006.
Two additional satellites, OCO and Glory,
will join the constellation in
late 2008.Approx equator crossing timesSlide4
The constellation has a nominal orbit altitude of 705 km and inclination of 98
o
.
Aqua leads the A-train with an equatorial crossing time of about 1:30 pm.
CloudSat and CALIPSO lag Aqua by 1 to 2 minutes separated from each other by 10 to 15 seconds. The satellites in the A-Train are maintained in orbit to match the World Reference System 2 (WRS-2) reference grid used by Landsat.CloudSat and CALIPSO travel within 15 seconds of each other so that both instrument suites view the same cloud area at nearly the same moment. This is crucial for studying clouds which have lifetimes often less than 15 minutes. Slide5
The World Reference System 2 (WRS-2) was developed to facilitate regular sampling patterns by remote sensors in the Landsat program.
Landsat-7 and Terra are “morning” satellites in the same orbit as the A-train.
Each satellite completes 14.55 orbits per day with a separation of 24.7 degrees longitude between each successive orbit at the equator.
The orbit tracks at the equator progress westward 10.8 degrees on succeeding days, which over a 16-day period produces a uniform WRS grid over the globe. The WRS grid pattern of 233 orbits with separation between orbits at the equator of 172 km. The Aqua satellite will be controlled to the WRS grid to within +/- 10 km. Slide6Slide7
17:40 UTC = 12:40 pm EST
20:55 UTC = 12:55 pm PST Slide8
The World Reference System 2 (WRS-2) was developed to facilitate regular sampling patterns by remote sensors in the Landsat program.
Landsat-7 and Terra are “morning” satellites in the same orbit as the A-train.
Each satellite completes 14.55 orbits per day with a separation of 24.7 degrees longitude between each successive orbit at the equator.
The orbit tracks at the equator progress westward 10.8 degrees on succeeding days, which over a 16-day period produces a uniform WRS grid over the globe. The WRS grid pattern of 233 orbits with separation between orbits at the equator of 172 km. Slide9Slide10Slide11Slide12
The heart of Formation Flying, as it is called, is control boxes.
The satellites are allowed to drift inside control boxes until they approach the boundaries of the box, then maneuvers are initiated to adjust the orbit.
This is crucial both to maintain the observing times and geometries of the instruments, but especially to avoid collisions, which would produce a debris field that would threaten the entire formation.Slide13
Aqua is kept inside a control box of ±21.5 seconds (about ±158 km) so that it makes precisely 233 complete orbits in 16 days (WRS-2 grid).
CALIPSO is maintained in a ±21.5 second control
box averaging 73 seconds, about 547 km, behind
Aqua, so CALIPSO is never closer than 30 sec
(225 km) to Aqua.Parasol flies about 131 seconds behind Aqua, and Aura flies about 900 seconds behind Aqua. CloudSat flies in a mini formation 12.5±2.5 seconds ahead of CALIPSO.
The satellites are controlled by different agencies: Aqua and
Aura by NASA/Goddard, CloudSat by US Air Force, PARASOL
by CNES, and CALIPSO by NASA/Langley and CNES.
Horizontal separation is another aspect of Formation
Flying. The first four A-Train satellites fly in tight
formation so they view the same locations from above
in a brief time span. Aura is positioned substantially
behind the others such that its Microwave Limb
Sounder views horizontally the same portion of the
atmosphere that Aqua views from above.Slide14
14
Afternoon Constellation Coincidental Observations
(Source: M. Schoeberl)
MODIS/ CERES
IR Properties of Clouds
AIRS Temperature and H
2
O Sounding
Aqua
CloudSat
PARASOL
CALIPSO- Aerosol and cloud heights
Cloudsat
- cloud droplets
PARASOL - aerosol and cloud polarization
OCO - CO
2
CALIPSO
OCO
OCO - CO
2
column
Aura
OMI - Cloud heights
OMI & HIRLDS – Aerosols
MLS& TES - H
2
O & temp profiles
MLS & HIRDLS – Cirrus clouds
GlorySlide15
15
CALIPSO
Joint NASA/CNES satellite
Three instruments:
Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP): Two wavelength polarization-sensitive Lidar that provides high-resolution vertical profiles of aerosols and cloudsWide Field Camera (WFC): Fixed, nadir-viewing imager with a single spectral channel covering the 620-670 nm regionImaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR): Nadir-viewing, non-scanning imagerSlide16
Calipso
16Slide17
Energy Absorbed by Atmosphere
Radar Wavelength
35 GHz
94 GHz
Maximum
Propagation
Distance
20-30 km
10-15 km
8 mm
3.2 mmSlide18
18
CloudSat
NASA satellite with the Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) instrument, a 94-GHz nadir-looking radar
Measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar.
Developed jointly by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).Will advance our understanding of cloud abundance, distribution, structure, and radiative properties.First satellite-based millimeter-wavelength cloud radar> 1000 times more sensitive than existing ground weather radarsAble to detect the much smaller particles of liquid water and ice (ground-based weather radars use centimeter wavelengths)
Cloud Profiling RadarSlide19
CloudSat (Hurricane Ike)
19Slide20
CloudSat
20Slide21
Radar/Lidar Combined Product Development
Formation flying is a key design element in cloudsat
CloudSat has demonstrated formation flying as a practical observing strategy for EO.
Overlap of the CloudSat footprint and the CALIPSO footprint, within 15 seconds, is achieved >90% of the time.Slide22
lidar/radar combined ice microphysics - new A-Train ice cloud microphysics
Preliminary example from ZhienSlide23
MLS
ECMWF
CloudSat
A-train Cloud iceSlide24
10 µmSlide25
Microwave Absorption (Opacity) in Arctic
(
Westwater
et al., 2006)Slide26
26
Researches the composition, chemistry, and dynamics of the Earth’s atmosphere as well as study the ozone, air quality, and climate.
HIRDLS: High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder
– Observes global distribution of temperature and composition of the upper troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere
MLS: Microwave Limb Sounder – Uses microwave emission to measure stratospheric temperature and upper tropospheric constituentsOMI : Ozone Monitoring Instrument – Distinguishes between aerosol types, such as smoke, dust, and sulfates. Measure cloud pressure and coverage, which provide data to derive tropospheric ozone.
TES:
Tropospheric
Emission Spectrometer
– High-resolution infrared-imaging Fourier transform spectrometer that offers a line-width-limited discrimination of essentially all
radiatively
active molecular species in the Earth's lower atmosphere.
Instruments
EOS AuraSlide27
HIRDLS
multi-channel, microwave radiometer
radiated thermal emissions from the atmospheric limb
spectral intervals in the range (6 to 17) mm, chosen to correspond to specific gases and atmospheric "windows".
global 3-D fields of atmospheric temperature, several minor constituents, and geostrophic winds.27Slide28
Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)
The EOS MLS measures thermal emission from broad spectral bands centered near 118, 190, 240, 640 and 2250 GHz
28Slide29
Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)
29Slide30
OMI : Ozone Monitoring Instrument
30
The OMI instrument can distinguish between aerosol types, such as smoke, dust, and sulfates, and measures cloud pressure and coverage, which provide data to derive
tropospheric
ozone. Slide31
TES: Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
31
Example of TES products