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4 Yes It. Valid Arguments. An. . argument. . is a sequence of propositions. . All but the final proposition are called . premises. . . The last statement is the . conclusion. . . The . Socrates Example. We have two premises:. Materialism:. Human persons are wholly material—every part of a person, including the mind, is a material body.. Dualism. : . Human persons are not wholly material—they have both material . bodies and immaterial minds. T T T T F T F T T F T T F T F F T F F F is seen as not tautologous from the following truth (P " Q) T T TTT F T FTT T F TTF F F FFF Tautologous wffs and arguments are obvi Lecture 2: Introduction to . Critical Reasoning. Outline of the lecture. Recap: last lecture. Continue learning some basic concepts of critical reasoning. Practice identifying arguments. Practice reconstructing arguments. PHI 120. Presentation: ". Natural Deduction. – Introduction“. Bring this book to lecture. Homework. Handout. The Rules. . Homework. First step in learning the rules:. Elimination. Rules. What are they? (Literally, can you name them?). Elementary Number Theory and Methods of Proof. 3.6. Indirect Argument. Reductio. Ad Absurdum. Argument by contradiction. Illustration in proof of innocence . Suppose I did commit the crime. Then at the time of the crime, I would have had to be at the scene of the crime.. One of our main critical thinking questions was:. Does the evidence support the conclusion. ?. How do we evaluate whether specific evidence supports a specific conclusion? How do we answer this question?. Seminar 2: Philosophy of the Sciences. Wednesday, 14 September 2011. 1. Readings. Required reading: ‘The Problem of Induction’, Section I, Chapter 7 of Richard Feldman’s book . Epistemology. . Juho Ritola. 1. Fallacies: asymmetry thesis. “A fallacious argument, as almost every account from Aristotle onwards tells you, is one that . seems to be valid. but . is not. so” (C. Hamblin . Fallacies. of Inference. Dr. . Yasir Ali. Syllogism. An argument form consisting of two premises and a . conclusion . is called a syllogism. . The first and second premises are called the major premise and minor premise, respectively. . What is an Argument?. Based on 2 statements with a 3. rd. that follows the first two. . One major premise. One minor premise. Conclusion . Premise: statement used as evidence for a conclusion. Conclusion: statement that is supported by at least one premise. Seminar 2: Philosophy of the Sciences. Wednesday, 14 September 2011. 1. Readings. Required reading: ‘The Problem of Induction’, Section I, Chapter 7 of Richard Feldman’s book . Epistemology. . Dr. . Yasir Ali. Argument. An . argument . is a list of statements called . premises . (or . assumptions . or . hypotheses. ) followed by a statement called the . conclusion. . P1 . Premise . P2 . Premise . In mathematics and logic an . argument. is a sequence of statements ending in a conclusion. . W. e now show how to determine whether an argument is valid—that is, whether the conclusion follows . necessarily.