Form metabolic and structural connections between other tissues nutrition and support Forms a protective sheath around organs and helps insulate the bodycushion Acts as a reserve for energystorage ID: 661400
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Slide1
Connective Tissue
Functions-different types of connective tissue:
Form metabolic and structural connections between other tissues… nutrition and support
Forms a protective sheath around organs and helps insulate the body…cushion
Acts as a reserve for energy…storage
Provides the frame that supports the body…support
Composes the medium that transports substances from one region of the body to another…transport
Plays a role in the healing process and in the control of invading microorganisms…repair and defenseSlide2
Connective Tissue Components
1. Extracellular matrix
Extracellular fibers
Ground substance2. Cells Slide3
Connective Tissue Components
Ground substance
Medium through which cells exchange nutrients and waste with the bloodstream
Amorphous, homogeneous material
Ranges in texture from a liquid or gel to a calcified solid
Made up of
glycosaminoglycans
,
proteoglycans
,
glycoproteins
Serves as an effective obstacle for invading microorganismsSlide4
Connective Tissue Components
Extracellular fibers
Collagenous
fibers
Strong
, thick strands of collagen
Organized into bundles of long, parallel fibrils composed of bundled
microfibrils
Variable density and arrangement of fibers
Found in tendons and ligaments Slide5
Connective Tissue Components
Extracellular fibers
Reticular fibers
Thin, delicate, branched networks of collagen
Provide support for highly cellular organs (endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and liver)
Also found around blood vessels, nerves, muscle fibers, and capillariesSlide6
Extracellular fibers
Elastic fibers
Branched networks composed primarily of the protein
elastinComposed of coiled bundles of microfibrils
Occur in tissues commonly subjected to stretching (vocal cords, lungs, skin, and walls of blood vessels)
Connective Tissue ComponentsSlide7
Connective Tissue Components
Cell Types
1.
Fixed Cells: involved in production and maintenance of the matrix
Fibroblasts,
chondroblasts
,
osteoblasts
,
adipocytes
, reticular cells
FIBROBLASTSlide8
Fibroblasts
A fibroblast is a cell
actively producing
collagen fibers and matrix meterial.They are protein secreting cells.In intermuscular CT-Forms scar tissue in the muscle wherethere is injury.Scar tissue- collagen fibers…fibrosis
Wound repair
Characteristics:
Thin and flattened
“arms” to rest on matrix structure-lie on top
Not a lot of cytoplasm so they look like spindle shaped nuclei lying along the fibers.Slide9
2. Transient/ Wandering Cells: involved in the repair and protection of tissues
Leukocytes, mast cells, macrophages
Move in and out of connective tissue - Go where needed as needed
Leukocytes-”wander” into the bloodstream from connective tissue
Mast cells-histamine and heparin…tend to be near blood vessels
Macrophages-inflammation
Resident macrophages in the lymphatic organs, lungs, liver, spleen, lamina
propria
of digestive tractSlide10
1.Tell me what connective tissue is-
What is it made of: Describe in depth
2.Tell me what ground substance is:
What is it made of: What function does it serve.3.Tell me what three major types of fibers run through connective tissue- Describe each type of fiber and it’s function (what is each’s purpose)4.Tell me about fixed cells and wandering cells What is the purpose of fixed cells and give me one example of a fixed cell. What is this cells function.
What is the purpose of wandering cells. How do they “wander” . Give me one example of a wandering cell and describe it’s function.
Homework: due tomorrowSlide11
Types of Connective TissueSlide12
Blood
Lymphatic
Plasma
Types of Connective Tissue
Bone
Cartilage
CT Proper
Loose CT
Dense CT
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic Slide13
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose connective tissue
Areolar
AdiposeReticular Dense connective tissue Dense regularDense irregular
ElasticSlide14
Areolar Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissue
Fibers and cells suspended in a
thick, translucent ground substance More cells vs not a lot of fibersPredominant cell is the fibroblast (flat)Manufactures the elastic, reticular, and collagenous fibers
Surrounds every organ; forms the SQ
layer that connects skin to muscle;
envelopes blood vessels, nerves,
and lymph nodes; present in all
mucous membranesSlide15
Areolar
connective tissue (loose):Slide16
Areolar Connective Tissue
Description
Loose array of fibers
Includes all three types of fibers
Many cells
Location
Under epithelial basement membranes
Between glands muscles nerves
Surrounding capillaries
Surrounding organs
Under skin
Function
Provides nutrients
to tissues
Supports
“packing material”Slide17
Adipose Connective Tissue
Areolar tissue in which
adipocytes predominate
Loose connective tissue with little to no matrix/ very cellularTwo types- white adipose/ brown The cells are filled with lipids -differencesSlide18
White vs Brown adipose
Amount of lipid fluctuates, cell # stays the same
Nuclei get “pushed” to side
Food animals (and other animals) store pesticides and drugs in the adipose…withdrawl mandated by law for food animals
Very vascular
Lots of mitochondria
Brown color
Thermogenic-generates heat
Rodents that hibernateSlide19
Adipose Connective tissue (loose):Slide20
Adipose Connective Tissue
Description
Very little extracellular material
Adipocytes
filled with lipids
Nuclei and organelles are pushed to side
“Chicken wire” appearance
Location
Beneath the skin
Spaces between muscles
Behind eyeballs
Surface of the heart
Around the kidneys and heart
Surrounding joints
In bone marrow
In the
omentum
of the abdomen
Around the colon
FunctionProtects organs and other tissuesThermoinsulatorEnergy storageSlide21
Reticular Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissue
Network of thin reticular
fibers…structural support not strength
Contains loosely arranged
fibers and many fibroblasts
suspended in a supportive
ground substance
Forms the
stroma
(framework)
(spleen, lymphatic organs)Slide22
Reticular Connective Tissue (loose):Slide23
Reticular Connective Tissue
Description
Loosely arranged fibers
Reticular fibers only
fibroblasts
Location
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Bone marrow
liver
Function
Provides framework (
stroma
)Slide24
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Composed of tightly
packed, parallel
collagen fibers Relatively avascular Makes up the tendons and ligaments Can be found in fascial sheets that cover muscles
Cells are in the spacesSlide25
Dense Regular Connective Tissue:Slide26
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Description
Parallel
colagen
fibers
Compact
Dense
Avascular
Difficult to heal
Silvery-white in color
Location
Tendons
Ligaments
Fascial
sheets that covers muscle
Function
Stretch
Strong/resistant in direction of fibersSlide27
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Composed primarily of collagen
fibers arranged in thick bundles
Fibers are interwoven (different random directions to form a single sheet Found in the dermis of the skin and in the fibrous coverings of
many organs
Forms the tough capsule of joints
Blood vessels throughout to provide
nutrientsSlide28
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue:Slide29
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Description
Sheets of collagen
Run in different/random directions
Alternating directions
Location
Dermis of the skin
Organ capsules
Submucosa
digestive tract
Function
Withstands pulling forces in all directionsSlide30
Elastic Connective Tissue
Primarily composed of elastic fibers “springy” recoils
Fibers may be arranged parallel or in interwoven patterns with fibroblasts and collagenous fibers interspersed
Found in spaces between vertebrae and in areas of the body that require stretching (walls of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder, etc.)Also supraspinous ligament in horses for lowering of head for grazingSlide31Slide32
Elastic Connective Tissue
Description
Composed of (primarily) elastic fibers
Yellow elastic fibers
Parallel or interwoven pattern
Location
Supraspinous
ligament (horse)
Spaces between
vetebrae
Walls of arteries
, stomach, bronchi, bladder, regions of the heart
Function
StretchingSlide33
Specialized Connective Tissues
Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilageFibrocartilageBone
BloodSlide34
Cartilage (in general)
Found in joints and in the ear, nose, and vocal cords
Forms a framework on which bone is formed
No innervation; avascularCells: Chondrocytes: live in hollowed-out pockets in the matrix called
lacunae
Matrix:
Ground substance: gel of chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and chondronectin
Collagen fibers are most commonly found in the matrix, but elastic fibers are also present in varying amounts.
Hyaline, Elastic, FibrocartilidgeSlide35
Hyaline Cartilage
Most common type of cartilage
found in the body
Composed of closely packed collagen Found in joints
at the ends of long
bones, growth plates of long bones,
tracheal rings, and connections of
the ribs to the sternum
Composes most of the embryonic
skeletonSlide36
Perichondrium a layer of
dense irregular connective tissue
that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone
can be found around the perimeter of elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilageSlide37
Hyaline Cartilidge Connective Tissue
Description
Closely packed collagen fibers
Cartilidge
cells (
chondrocytes
) sit in spaces (lacunae) within
matirix
Perichondrium
visible
Visibly - ground glass appearance
Location
Articular cartilage
Costal
cartilidge
(ribs)
Nose
Trachea
Larynx
Embryonic skeletonFunctionStructure, with some flexibilityCushioningSlide38
Elastic Cartilage
Contains elastic fibers in
dense branching bundles
Flexible: can withstand repeated bending Found in the epiglottis of the larynx and in pinnae of ears of animalsSlide39
Description:
Elastic fibers in matrix
Chrodcytes
in lacunae
Location:
Pinnae
Epiglottis
Function:
Structure/ flexibleSlide40
Fibrocartilage
Usually found merged with hyaline
cartilage and dense connective
tissue Contains thick bundles of collagen fibers with fewer chondrocytes than hyaline cartilage
Lacks a perichondrium
Found in spaces between vertebrae of the
spine, between bones in the pelvic
girdle, and in the knee jointSlide41
Fibrocartilidge Connective TissueSlide42
Fibrocartilidge Connective Tissue
Description
Lots of collagen fibers
Thick bundles of fibers
Matrix is less firm
Location
Between vertebrae
Pubic
symphasis
Stifle
Function
Withstands compressive forcesSlide43
Bone- Osseus Connective Tissue
Matrix is a combination of organic
collagen fibers and inorganic
calcium saltsWell vascularizedHaversian canal contains both a
vascular and a nerve supply
Canaliculi: channels within the
matrix support passage of blood
vessels into deeper portions
of tissue Slide44
Bone
Osteoblasts: manufacture the fibers
that are part of the matrix
Lacunae and canaliculi are created as the osteoblasts manufacture the bony matrix. Osteocytes reside in lacunae. Osteoclasts-taking away not needed
boneSlide45Slide46Slide47Slide48
Blood
Matrix:
Ground substance: plasma
fibrous component: proteinCellsErythrocytes – red blood cellsLeukocytes – white blood cellsThrombocytes - plateletsSlide49Slide50
Serous Membranes
Serous membranes
(serosae)Line walls and cover organs of body cavities (e.g., thorax and abdominopelvic cavities) Consist of a continuous sheet doubled over on itself to form two layers
The portion of the membrane that lines the cavity wall is called the
parietal layer.
The portion of the membrane that covers the outer surface of organs is called the
visceral layer.
Pericardium
Pleura
peritoneumSlide51
Mucous Membranes
Mucous membranes (mucosae)
Line organs with connections to the outside environment (mouth, intestines, nasal passages, etc.)
Usually composed of either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium covering a layer of loose connective tissue Submucosa : connective tissue layer that connects the mucosa to underlying structuresSlide52
Mucous Membranes
Mucous membranes (mucosae)
May contain goblet cells or multicellular glands
Can produce large quantities of mucus Mucus consists primarily of water, electrolytes, and the protein mucinSome mucosae also can absorb (e.g., the epithelial layer in the intestine)Slide53
Are they Dry or Moist?
Dehydration = dry, “tacky”
What Color?
Yellow = elevated bilirubin icterus (condition), juandice (appearance) can be caused by liver failure, hemolytic anemia
Blue
= lack of oxygen (obstruction, pneumonia - airways)
hypoxia
Bright Red
= increased blood flow (allergic reaction, fever)
hyperemia
White/ Pale
= anemia, shock, hypotermiaCapillary Refill Time- the time it takes for blood to return to the capillaries
>2 sec – low blood pressure, compromised cardiac output
< 1 sec – high blood pressure, hypercompensated state
Diagnosing by mucous membrane clues:Slide54Slide55Slide56Slide57Slide58Slide59Slide60
Cutaneous Membrane
Also called
integument
(or, more simply, skin) Composed of an outer keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, or epidermisEpidermis is attached to an underlying layer of
dense irregular connective tissue
called the
dermis
.
Dermis contains collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers which enable skin to be both strong and elasticSlide61
Synovial Membranes
Line the cavities of joints
Composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue covered by a layer of collagen fibers and fibroblasts
Manufacture the synovial fluid that fills the joint spacesSlide62
Muscle Tissue
Composed of specialized proteins actin and myosin fibers
Three types of muscle tissue
SkeletalSmoothCardiacSlide63
Skeletal Muscle
Large cells (foot long or more!)that contain hundreds of nuclei
and mitochondria
Usually controlled through conscious efforts (voluntary muscle)Skeletal muscle cells are striated.
Skeletal muscle cells are bundles of fibers
held together by loose connective tissue.
The collagen fibers that surround the cells
merge with the collagen fibers in tendons.
Stimulation to contract made by nerve fibers
Voluntary Striated MuscleSlide64Slide65
Smooth Muscle
Composed of small, spindle-shaped cells
that lack striations
Muscle contractions cannot be consciously controlled (nonstriated involuntary muscle)Found in the walls of hollow organs, in exocrine glands, and along the
respiratory tract
Responsible for
peristalsis
in
gastrointestinal tract, constriction
of blood vessels, and emptying of
urinary bladderSlide66Slide67
Cardiac Muscle
Found only in the heart
Contains specialized pacemaker cells
that supply signal for heart to contract at regular intervals Entirely involuntary and striatedCardiac muscle cells connected to
one another via
intercalated disksSlide68Slide69
Nervous Tissue
Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Composed of two general cell types:
Neurons Supporting neuroglial cellsSlide70
Nervous Tissue
Neurons
Longest cells in the body;
three primary parts:Perikaryon – the cell body; contains the nucleus
Dendrites
–
short cytoplasmic
extensions; receives impulses
Axons
–
long, single extension;
conducts impulses away from
the cell bodyNeuroglial cells
Support the neurons