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Connective Tissue Functions-different types of connective tissue: Connective Tissue Functions-different types of connective tissue:

Connective Tissue Functions-different types of connective tissue: - PowerPoint Presentation

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Connective Tissue Functions-different types of connective tissue: - PPT Presentation

Form metabolic and structural connections between other tissues nutrition and support Forms a protective sheath around organs and helps insulate the bodycushion Acts as a reserve for energystorage ID: 661400

connective tissue cells fibers tissue connective fibers cells elastic muscle dense blood collagen matrix composed loose organs cartilage function reticular membranes location

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Slide1

Connective Tissue

Functions-different types of connective tissue:

Form metabolic and structural connections between other tissues… nutrition and support

Forms a protective sheath around organs and helps insulate the body…cushion

Acts as a reserve for energy…storage

Provides the frame that supports the body…support

Composes the medium that transports substances from one region of the body to another…transport

Plays a role in the healing process and in the control of invading microorganisms…repair and defenseSlide2

Connective Tissue Components

1. Extracellular matrix

Extracellular fibers

Ground substance2. Cells Slide3

Connective Tissue Components

Ground substance

Medium through which cells exchange nutrients and waste with the bloodstream

Amorphous, homogeneous material

Ranges in texture from a liquid or gel to a calcified solid

Made up of

glycosaminoglycans

,

proteoglycans

,

glycoproteins

Serves as an effective obstacle for invading microorganismsSlide4

Connective Tissue Components

Extracellular fibers

Collagenous

fibers

Strong

, thick strands of collagen

Organized into bundles of long, parallel fibrils composed of bundled

microfibrils

Variable density and arrangement of fibers

Found in tendons and ligaments Slide5

Connective Tissue Components

Extracellular fibers

Reticular fibers

Thin, delicate, branched networks of collagen

Provide support for highly cellular organs (endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and liver)

Also found around blood vessels, nerves, muscle fibers, and capillariesSlide6

Extracellular fibers

Elastic fibers

Branched networks composed primarily of the protein

elastinComposed of coiled bundles of microfibrils

Occur in tissues commonly subjected to stretching (vocal cords, lungs, skin, and walls of blood vessels)

Connective Tissue ComponentsSlide7

Connective Tissue Components

Cell Types

1.

Fixed Cells: involved in production and maintenance of the matrix

Fibroblasts,

chondroblasts

,

osteoblasts

,

adipocytes

, reticular cells

FIBROBLASTSlide8

Fibroblasts

A fibroblast is a cell

actively producing

collagen fibers and matrix meterial.They are protein secreting cells.In intermuscular CT-Forms scar tissue in the muscle wherethere is injury.Scar tissue- collagen fibers…fibrosis

Wound repair

Characteristics:

Thin and flattened

“arms” to rest on matrix structure-lie on top

Not a lot of cytoplasm so they look like spindle shaped nuclei lying along the fibers.Slide9

2. Transient/ Wandering Cells: involved in the repair and protection of tissues

Leukocytes, mast cells, macrophages

Move in and out of connective tissue - Go where needed as needed

Leukocytes-”wander” into the bloodstream from connective tissue

Mast cells-histamine and heparin…tend to be near blood vessels

Macrophages-inflammation

Resident macrophages in the lymphatic organs, lungs, liver, spleen, lamina

propria

of digestive tractSlide10

1.Tell me what connective tissue is-

What is it made of: Describe in depth

2.Tell me what ground substance is:

What is it made of: What function does it serve.3.Tell me what three major types of fibers run through connective tissue- Describe each type of fiber and it’s function (what is each’s purpose)4.Tell me about fixed cells and wandering cells What is the purpose of fixed cells and give me one example of a fixed cell. What is this cells function.

What is the purpose of wandering cells. How do they “wander” . Give me one example of a wandering cell and describe it’s function.

Homework: due tomorrowSlide11

Types of Connective TissueSlide12

Blood

Lymphatic

Plasma

Types of Connective Tissue

Bone

Cartilage

CT Proper

Loose CT

Dense CT

Areolar

Adipose

Reticular

Dense regular

Dense irregular

Elastic Slide13

Connective Tissue Proper

Loose connective tissue

Areolar

AdiposeReticular Dense connective tissue Dense regularDense irregular

ElasticSlide14

Areolar Connective Tissue

Loose connective tissue

Fibers and cells suspended in a

thick, translucent ground substance More cells vs not a lot of fibersPredominant cell is the fibroblast (flat)Manufactures the elastic, reticular, and collagenous fibers

Surrounds every organ; forms the SQ

layer that connects skin to muscle;

envelopes blood vessels, nerves,

and lymph nodes; present in all

mucous membranesSlide15

Areolar

connective tissue (loose):Slide16

Areolar Connective Tissue

Description

Loose array of fibers

Includes all three types of fibers

Many cells

Location

Under epithelial basement membranes

Between glands muscles nerves

Surrounding capillaries

Surrounding organs

Under skin

Function

Provides nutrients

to tissues

Supports

“packing material”Slide17

Adipose Connective Tissue

Areolar tissue in which

adipocytes predominate

Loose connective tissue with little to no matrix/ very cellularTwo types- white adipose/ brown The cells are filled with lipids -differencesSlide18

White vs Brown adipose

Amount of lipid fluctuates, cell # stays the same

Nuclei get “pushed” to side

Food animals (and other animals) store pesticides and drugs in the adipose…withdrawl mandated by law for food animals

Very vascular

Lots of mitochondria

Brown color

Thermogenic-generates heat

Rodents that hibernateSlide19

Adipose Connective tissue (loose):Slide20

Adipose Connective Tissue

Description

Very little extracellular material

Adipocytes

filled with lipids

Nuclei and organelles are pushed to side

“Chicken wire” appearance

Location

Beneath the skin

Spaces between muscles

Behind eyeballs

Surface of the heart

Around the kidneys and heart

Surrounding joints

In bone marrow

In the

omentum

of the abdomen

Around the colon

FunctionProtects organs and other tissuesThermoinsulatorEnergy storageSlide21

Reticular Connective Tissue

Loose connective tissue

Network of thin reticular

fibers…structural support not strength

Contains loosely arranged

fibers and many fibroblasts

suspended in a supportive

ground substance

Forms the

stroma

(framework)

(spleen, lymphatic organs)Slide22

Reticular Connective Tissue (loose):Slide23

Reticular Connective Tissue

Description

Loosely arranged fibers

Reticular fibers only

fibroblasts

Location

Spleen

Lymph nodes

Bone marrow

liver

Function

Provides framework (

stroma

)Slide24

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Composed of tightly

packed, parallel

collagen fibers Relatively avascular Makes up the tendons and ligaments Can be found in fascial sheets that cover muscles

Cells are in the spacesSlide25

Dense Regular Connective Tissue:Slide26

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Description

Parallel

colagen

fibers

Compact

Dense

Avascular

Difficult to heal

Silvery-white in color

Location

Tendons

Ligaments

Fascial

sheets that covers muscle

Function

Stretch

Strong/resistant in direction of fibersSlide27

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Composed primarily of collagen

fibers arranged in thick bundles

Fibers are interwoven (different random directions to form a single sheet Found in the dermis of the skin and in the fibrous coverings of

many organs

Forms the tough capsule of joints

Blood vessels throughout to provide

nutrientsSlide28

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue:Slide29

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Description

Sheets of collagen

Run in different/random directions

Alternating directions

Location

Dermis of the skin

Organ capsules

Submucosa

digestive tract

Function

Withstands pulling forces in all directionsSlide30

Elastic Connective Tissue

Primarily composed of elastic fibers “springy” recoils

Fibers may be arranged parallel or in interwoven patterns with fibroblasts and collagenous fibers interspersed

Found in spaces between vertebrae and in areas of the body that require stretching (walls of arteries, stomach, bronchi, bladder, etc.)Also supraspinous ligament in horses for lowering of head for grazingSlide31
Slide32

Elastic Connective Tissue

Description

Composed of (primarily) elastic fibers

Yellow elastic fibers

Parallel or interwoven pattern

Location

Supraspinous

ligament (horse)

Spaces between

vetebrae

Walls of arteries

, stomach, bronchi, bladder, regions of the heart

Function

StretchingSlide33

Specialized Connective Tissues

Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilageFibrocartilageBone

BloodSlide34

Cartilage (in general)

Found in joints and in the ear, nose, and vocal cords

Forms a framework on which bone is formed

No innervation; avascularCells: Chondrocytes: live in hollowed-out pockets in the matrix called

lacunae

Matrix:

Ground substance: gel of chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and chondronectin

Collagen fibers are most commonly found in the matrix, but elastic fibers are also present in varying amounts.

Hyaline, Elastic, FibrocartilidgeSlide35

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common type of cartilage

found in the body

Composed of closely packed collagen Found in joints

at the ends of long

bones, growth plates of long bones,

tracheal rings, and connections of

the ribs to the sternum

Composes most of the embryonic

skeletonSlide36

Perichondrium a layer of 

dense irregular connective tissue

that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone

can be found around the perimeter of elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilageSlide37

Hyaline Cartilidge Connective Tissue

Description

Closely packed collagen fibers

Cartilidge

cells (

chondrocytes

) sit in spaces (lacunae) within

matirix

Perichondrium

visible

Visibly - ground glass appearance

Location

Articular cartilage

Costal

cartilidge

(ribs)

Nose

Trachea

Larynx

Embryonic skeletonFunctionStructure, with some flexibilityCushioningSlide38

Elastic Cartilage

Contains elastic fibers in

dense branching bundles

Flexible: can withstand repeated bending Found in the epiglottis of the larynx and in pinnae of ears of animalsSlide39

Description:

Elastic fibers in matrix

Chrodcytes

in lacunae

Location:

Pinnae

Epiglottis

Function:

Structure/ flexibleSlide40

Fibrocartilage

Usually found merged with hyaline

cartilage and dense connective

tissue Contains thick bundles of collagen fibers with fewer chondrocytes than hyaline cartilage

Lacks a perichondrium

Found in spaces between vertebrae of the

spine, between bones in the pelvic

girdle, and in the knee jointSlide41

Fibrocartilidge Connective TissueSlide42

Fibrocartilidge Connective Tissue

Description

Lots of collagen fibers

Thick bundles of fibers

Matrix is less firm

Location

Between vertebrae

Pubic

symphasis

Stifle

Function

Withstands compressive forcesSlide43

Bone- Osseus Connective Tissue

Matrix is a combination of organic

collagen fibers and inorganic

calcium saltsWell vascularizedHaversian canal contains both a

vascular and a nerve supply

Canaliculi: channels within the

matrix support passage of blood

vessels into deeper portions

of tissue Slide44

Bone

Osteoblasts: manufacture the fibers

that are part of the matrix

Lacunae and canaliculi are created as the osteoblasts manufacture the bony matrix. Osteocytes reside in lacunae. Osteoclasts-taking away not needed

boneSlide45
Slide46
Slide47
Slide48

Blood

Matrix:

Ground substance: plasma

fibrous component: proteinCellsErythrocytes – red blood cellsLeukocytes – white blood cellsThrombocytes - plateletsSlide49
Slide50

Serous Membranes

Serous membranes

(serosae)Line walls and cover organs of body cavities (e.g., thorax and abdominopelvic cavities) Consist of a continuous sheet doubled over on itself to form two layers

The portion of the membrane that lines the cavity wall is called the

parietal layer.

The portion of the membrane that covers the outer surface of organs is called the

visceral layer.

Pericardium

Pleura

peritoneumSlide51

Mucous Membranes

Mucous membranes (mucosae)

Line organs with connections to the outside environment (mouth, intestines, nasal passages, etc.)

Usually composed of either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium covering a layer of loose connective tissue Submucosa : connective tissue layer that connects the mucosa to underlying structuresSlide52

Mucous Membranes

Mucous membranes (mucosae)

May contain goblet cells or multicellular glands

Can produce large quantities of mucus Mucus consists primarily of water, electrolytes, and the protein mucinSome mucosae also can absorb (e.g., the epithelial layer in the intestine)Slide53

Are they Dry or Moist?

Dehydration = dry, “tacky”

What Color?

Yellow = elevated bilirubin icterus (condition), juandice (appearance) can be caused by liver failure, hemolytic anemia

Blue

= lack of oxygen (obstruction, pneumonia - airways)

hypoxia

Bright Red

= increased blood flow (allergic reaction, fever)

hyperemia

White/ Pale

= anemia, shock, hypotermiaCapillary Refill Time- the time it takes for blood to return to the capillaries

>2 sec – low blood pressure, compromised cardiac output

< 1 sec – high blood pressure, hypercompensated state

Diagnosing by mucous membrane clues:Slide54
Slide55
Slide56
Slide57
Slide58
Slide59
Slide60

Cutaneous Membrane

Also called

integument

(or, more simply, skin) Composed of an outer keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, or epidermisEpidermis is attached to an underlying layer of

dense irregular connective tissue

called the

dermis

.

Dermis contains collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers which enable skin to be both strong and elasticSlide61

Synovial Membranes

Line the cavities of joints

Composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue covered by a layer of collagen fibers and fibroblasts

Manufacture the synovial fluid that fills the joint spacesSlide62

Muscle Tissue

Composed of specialized proteins actin and myosin fibers

Three types of muscle tissue

SkeletalSmoothCardiacSlide63

Skeletal Muscle

Large cells (foot long or more!)that contain hundreds of nuclei

and mitochondria

Usually controlled through conscious efforts (voluntary muscle)Skeletal muscle cells are striated.

Skeletal muscle cells are bundles of fibers

held together by loose connective tissue.

The collagen fibers that surround the cells

merge with the collagen fibers in tendons.

Stimulation to contract made by nerve fibers

Voluntary Striated MuscleSlide64
Slide65

Smooth Muscle

Composed of small, spindle-shaped cells

that lack striations

Muscle contractions cannot be consciously controlled (nonstriated involuntary muscle)Found in the walls of hollow organs, in exocrine glands, and along the

respiratory tract

Responsible for

peristalsis

in

gastrointestinal tract, constriction

of blood vessels, and emptying of

urinary bladderSlide66
Slide67

Cardiac Muscle

Found only in the heart

Contains specialized pacemaker cells

that supply signal for heart to contract at regular intervals Entirely involuntary and striatedCardiac muscle cells connected to

one another via

intercalated disksSlide68
Slide69

Nervous Tissue

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

Composed of two general cell types:

Neurons Supporting neuroglial cellsSlide70

Nervous Tissue

Neurons

Longest cells in the body;

three primary parts:Perikaryon – the cell body; contains the nucleus

Dendrites

short cytoplasmic

extensions; receives impulses

Axons

long, single extension;

conducts impulses away from

the cell bodyNeuroglial cells

Support the neurons