DNA Replication Transcription Translation Polymerase Monomers DNA Pol III and I dNTPs Direction of synthesis 5 to 3 Template ssDNA Product polynucleotide RNA Protein ID: 390680
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Slide1
RNA
Protein
DNA
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Polymerase
Monomers
DNA Pol III
(and I)
dNTPs
Direction
of
synthesis
5
’
to
3’
Template
ssDNA
Product
polynucleotideSlide2
RNA
Protein
DNA
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Polymerase
Monomers
DNA Pol III
(and I)
RNA Pol
dNTPs
NTPs
Direction
of
synthesis
5
’
to
3’
5
’ to 3’
Template
ssDNA
ssDNA
Product
polynucleotide
polynucleotideSlide3
Fig. 17-7a-1
Promoter
Transcription unit
DNA
Start point
RNA polymerase
5
5
3
3
Slide4
Fig. 17-7a-2
Promoter
Transcription unit
DNA
Start point
RNA polymerase
5
5
3
3
Initiation
3
3
1
RNA
transcript
5
5
Unwound
DNA
Template strand
of DNASlide5
Fig. 17-7a-3
Promoter
Transcription unit
DNA
Start point
RNA polymerase
5
5
3
3
Initiation
3
3
1
RNA
transcript
5
5
Unwound
DNA
Template strand
of DNA
2
Elongation
Rewound
DNA
5
5
5
3
3
3
RNA
transcriptSlide6
Fig. 17-7a-4
Promoter
Transcription unit
DNA
Start point
RNA polymerase
5
5
3
3
Initiation
3
3
1
RNA
transcript
5
5
Unwound
DNA
Template strand
of DNA
2
Elongation
Rewound
DNA
5
5
5
3
3
3
RNA
transcript
3
Termination
5
5
5
3
3
3
Completed
RNA
transcriptSlide7
Fig. 17-7b
Elongation
RNA
polymerase
Nontemplate
strand
of DNA
RNA
nucleotides
3' end
Direction
of
transcription
(
“
downstream
”)
Template
strand
of DNA
Newly made
RNA
3'
5'
5'Slide8
RNA
Protein
DNA
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Polymerase
Monomers
DNA Pol III
(and I)
RNA Pol
dNTPs
NTPs
Direction
of
synthesis
5
’
to
3’
5
’ to 3’
Template
ssDNA
ssDNA
Product
polynucleotide
polynucleotideSlide9
Fig. 17-5
Second mRNA base
First mRNA base (5
end of codon)
Third mRNA base (3
end of codon)Slide10
Polypeptide
Ribosome
Amino
acids
tRNA with
amino acid
attached
tRNA
Anticodon
Trp
Phe
Gly
Codons
3
5
mRNA
the
mechanism of translationSlide11
Fig. 17-14
Amino acid
attachment site
3
5
Hydrogen
bonds
Anticodon
(a) Two-dimensional structure
Amino acid
attachment site
5
3
Hydrogen
bonds
3
5
Anticodon
Anticodon
(c) Symbol used
in this book
(b) Three-dimensional structureSlide12
Amino acid
Aminoacyl-tRNA
synthetase (enzyme)
ATP
Adenosine
P
P
P
Adenosine
P
P
P
i
P
P
i
i
tRNA
tRNA
Aminoacyl-tRNA
synthetase
Computer model
AMP
Adenosine
P
Aminoacyl-tRNA
(“charged tRNA”)
Attaching amino acids to tRNAs:
Amino-acyl tRNA synthases
20 different synthases
Require ATP
Each must be specific to the right amino acid and tRNA(s)Slide13
tRNA
GLN
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthase
(ATSGLN)
Adenylated GlutamineSlide14
Fig. 17-16b
P site (
P
eptidyl-tRNA
binding site)
A site (
A
minoacyl-
tRNA binding site)
E site
(Exit site)
mRNA
binding site
Large
subunit
Smallsubunit
(b) Schematic model showing binding sites
Next amino acidto be added to
polypeptide chain
Amino end
Growing polypeptide
mRNA
tRNA
E
P
A
E
Codons
(c) Schematic model with mRNA and tRNA
5
3
Slide15
The Ribosome
LSU
SSUSlide16
Fig. 17-18-1
Amino end
of polypeptide
mRNA
5
3
E
P
site
A
siteSlide17
Fig. 17-18-2
Amino end
of polypeptide
mRNA
5
3
E
P
site
A
site
GTP
GDP
E
P
ASlide18
Fig. 17-18-3
Amino end
of polypeptide
mRNA
5
3
E
P
site
A
site
GTP
GDP
E
P
A
E
P
ASlide19
Peptide bond formation
- Transfer of growing chain from tRNA in P site to tRNA in A siteSlide20
Fig. 17-18-3
Amino end
of polypeptide
mRNA
5
3
E
P
site
A
site
GTP
GDP
E
P
A
E
P
ASlide21
Fig. 17-18-4
Amino end
of polypeptide
mRNA
5
3
E
P
site
A
site
GTP
GDP
E
P
A
E
P
A
GDP
GTP
Ribosome ready for
next aminoacyl tRNA
E
P
ASlide22
Fig. 17-17
3
3
5
5
U
U
A
A
C
G
Met
GTP
GDP
Initiator
tRNA
mRNA
5
3
Start codon
mRNA binding site
Small
ribosomal
subunit
5
P site
Translation initiation complex
3
E
A
Met
Large
ribosomal
subunit
Initiating translationSlide23
Fig. 17-19-1
Release
factor
3
5
Stop codon
(UAG, UAA, or UGA)
Terminating translationSlide24
Fig. 17-19-2
Release
factor
3
5
Stop codon
(UAG, UAA, or UGA)
5
3
2
Free
polypeptide
2 GDP
GTP
Terminating translationSlide25
Fig. 17-19-3
Release
factor
3
5
Stop codon
(UAG, UAA, or UGA)
5
3
2
Free
polypeptide
2 GDP
GTP
5
3
Terminating translationSlide26
Fig. 17-20
Growing
polypeptides
Completed
polypeptide
Incoming
ribosomal
subunits
Start of
mRNA
(5
end)
Polyribosome
End of
mRNA
(3
end)
(a
)
Ribosomes
mRNA
(b
)
0.1 µmSlide27
Fig. 17-24
RNA polymerase
DNA
Polyribosome
mRNA
0.25 µm
Direction of
transcription
DNA
RNA
polymerase
Polyribosome
Polypeptide
(amino end)
Ribosome
mRNA (5
end)
In bacteria:
Translation can happen while transcription is still ocurringSlide28
Fig. 18-3a
Polypeptide subunits that make up
enzymes for tryptophan synthesis
mRNA 5
Promoter
trp
operon
Genes of operon
Stop codon
Start codon
trpA
trpE
trpD
trpC
trpB
AB
C
D
E
In bacteria: Many genes are organized in operons
Operon = group of genes sharing one promoter, expressed as 1 mRNAs containing multiple ORFsSlide29
RNA
Protein
DNA
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Polymerase
Monomers
DNA Pol III
(and I)
RNA Pol
dNTPs
NTPs
Direction
of
synthesis
5
’
to
3’
5
’ to 3’
Template
ssDNA
ssDNA
Product
polynucleotide
polynucleotide
ribosome
Aminoacyl-tRNAs
mRNA
N to C
polypeptide