surgery and anatomy throughout history Surgery and anatomy through the ages Aim To explain B and evaluate A the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through history Prehistoric Era ID: 680656
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Slide1
Starter
Which factors are significant to the development of
surgery and anatomy throughout
history?Slide2
Surgery and anatomy through the ages
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through historySlide3
Prehistoric Era
No written evidence so we have very little knowledge
.
Archaeologists have discovered Prehistoric skulls which have
been trephined
to allow evil spirits to be released.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through historySlide4
The Egyptian era
Some knowledge of the inside of the body. Preserved the organs
in special
jars. Did not cut up the body to find out more, as this
would have
prevented it from going to the after-life
.
Carried out simple operations, such as the cutting
away
of tumours. Descriptions recorded in papyrus medical books.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through historySlide5
The Greek era
Dissected dead animals. Thought that the bone structure of the
human body
was like that of an animal
.
Carried out minor operations. Surgical tools have been found.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through historySlide6
The Roman era
Galen dissected apes and pigs. He thought that humans had the
same anatomy
, which was only partly true. Supported by the Church and
his writings
blindly followed for 1,500 years, even though he had
made many
mistakes. No one challenged his ideas until the Renaissance
.
Surgeons carried out operations on the battlefield. The remains of military hospitals and surgical tools have been found.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through historySlide7
The Middle Ages
Galen's work was kept alive by Arab doctors. Islamic religion did
not allow
dead bodies to be dissected, so little new knowledge was found.
In Western Europe In the late Middle Ages the Christian Church
also would
not allow human dissection, Galen's work was still followed
.
Military surgeons carried out simple operations on injured
soldiers. Wine and hot cauterising irons used.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through historySlide8
The Renaissance
Vesalius'
The Fabric of the Human Body was
a turning point.
Vesalius dissected
human bodies and proved Galen wrong.
The
power of
the Church
declined as old ideas proved wrong. In 1628 Harvey proved that blood was pumped around the body by the heart
.
Paré
forced to use a lotion of oil of roses, egg yolks and turpentine (
a chance
happening). Also used silk thread to tie up arteries, rather
than stop
the bleeding by using a cauterising iron.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through historySlide9
The modern era
X-rays were discovered by Roentgen in 1895. X-ray machines
enable doctors
to see the bones and the internal organs of the body
.
Three major problems - pain, infection and bleeding. Pain overcome
by chloroform
, infection by antiseptic and bleeding by the discovery
of blood
groups. The
20th century has seen the development of
aseptic surgery
and high-tech machinery. Period of rapid change in surgery.
Factors which brought this about included the growth of
industry, science
, technology, communications, and the major wars.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through historySlide10
Evaluation technique
Which factors were the most important to the development of surgery and anatomy?
Which factors were the least important to the development of surgery and anatomy?
Remember to explain why…
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through historySlide11
Examination technique
Surgery and anatomy changed at different times for different reasons.
Why was this? (8)
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through historySlide12
Source work
Why
was surgical knowledge different at these times?
Explain your answer using Sources A and B and your knowledge.
(
8)
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the impact of surgery and anatomy and how it has changed through history
Source B:
A painting of the great German surgeon, Theodor
Billroth
performing an
operation. It was painted in 1890.
Theodor
Billroth
(1829-1894) was Professor of Surgery in Vienna from 1867. He was described at the time as one of Europe’s best and most trusted surgeons. He developed many new surgical procedures. This painting recognises the importance
Billroth
gave to the training of surgeons.